牛蒡寡糖的提取及对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用

目的：研究牛蒡多糖的提取条件和对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用。方法：采用单因素试验和正交试验优化牛蒡多糖提取工艺。15 只小鼠随机分为空白对照组和牛蒡多糖低、高剂量组,每组5 只,经口灌胃给药,灌胃容积为10ml/kg,1 次/d,连续14d。给药结束后,分别采集小鼠粪便,检查肠道肠杆菌,乳杆菌和双歧杆菌。结果：牛蒡多糖优化提取条件为：温度80℃,固液比1:10(m/V),时间60min,提取两次。与空白对照组相比,牛蒡多糖组乳杆菌与双歧杆菌数量均显著增加(P ＜ 0.05),肠杆菌数量变化不明显(P ＞ 0.05)。结论：牛蒡多糖能有效调节小鼠肠道菌群,增殖乳杆菌和双歧杆菌数量。     

高通量测序分析新疆不同产区葡萄酒对大鼠肠道菌群多样性的影响

将雄性SD大鼠随机分为5组（A1～A5）,分别灌胃新疆焉耆盆地、伊犁河谷、天山北麓、吐哈盆地葡萄酒、蒸馏水8周后,收集粪便,采用高通量测序技术分析大鼠肠道菌群变化,探讨不同产区葡萄酒对大鼠肠道菌群的影响。结果表明,各组大鼠肠道菌群具有一定的差异,主要共有优势菌门为厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）,优势菌属为乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）,A1～A4组中主要优势菌门和菌属的相对丰度之和均比A5组显著升高（P<0.05）,其中A2组升高幅度最大,其有害菌门变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、脱硫菌门（Desulfobacterota）相对丰度显著降低（P<0.05）;有益菌属罗姆布茨菌属（Romboutsia）、艾克蔓菌属（Akkermansia）及乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）相对丰度显著增加（P<0.05）。结合多级物种差异判别分析,A2组肠乳杆菌（Lactobacillus intestinalis）的富集最具差异性（P<0.05）。说明适量摄入伊犁河谷干红葡萄酒一定程度上能改善肠道菌群。     

Optimal homeostasis necessitates bistable control

Bistability is a fundamental phenomenon in nature. In biology, a number of fine properties of bistability have been identified. However, these properties are only consequences of bistability at the physiological level, which do not explain why it had to emerge during evolution. Using optimal homeostasis as the first principle, I find that bistability emerges as an indispensable control mechanism. It is the only solution to a dilemma in glucose homeostasis: high insulin efficiency is required to confer rapidness in plasma glucose clearance, whereas an insulin sparing state is required to guarantee the brain''s safety during fasting. The optimality consideration renders a clear correspondence between the molecular and physiological levels. This new perspective can illuminate studies on the twin epidemics of obesity and diabetes and the corresponding intervening strategies. For example, overnutrition and sedentary lifestyle may represent sudden environmental changes that cause the lose of optimality, which may contribute to the marked rise of obesity and diabetes in our generation. Because this bistability result is independent of the parameters of the mathematical model (for which the result is quite general), some other biological systems may also use bistability to control homeostasis.     

膳食纤维强化冻干山楂果对小鼠肠道健康的影响

本文研究了添加10%山楂膳食纤维的冻干山楂果(按质量比9:1)对小鼠肠道健康的影响。将小鼠按体重质量随机分为4组,分别为溶剂对照组和受试物1、2和4 g/(kg·d)剂量组。灌胃6周后,试验结束前连续3 d收集小鼠新鲜粪便,测定粪便质量、水分、pH值和短链脂肪酸(SCFA)含量。试验结束空腹过夜条件下测体重,处死小鼠,分离盲肠和结肠并测定质量;取盲肠和结肠内容物测定pH和盲肠酵解产物SCFA的含量;测定盲肠和结肠内容物中的双歧杆菌、肠杆菌、肠球菌、乳杆菌和产气荚膜梭菌的数量。分析添加10%山楂膳食纤维的冻干山楂果对小鼠肠道健康的影响。各剂量组与溶剂对照组相比,各项检测指标存在显著性差异(p0.05),结果表明添加10%山楂膳食纤维的冻干山楂果对小鼠肠道内环境健康具有改善调节作用。     

富硒菌C5对小鼠肠道菌群结构的影响

研究了富硒菌C5和双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊、地衣芽孢杆菌活菌胶囊的益生菌制剂对小鼠肠道菌群的影响。将小鼠分为益生菌制剂组A组（三联活菌组）和B组（地衣芽孢杆菌+三联活菌组）、实验组C组（富硒菌C5组）和空白组D组,饲养4周后取小鼠粪便,PCR扩增细菌16S rRNA基因的V3-V4区,用Ⅰllummina HiSeq 2500进行高通量测序,利用QIIME2软件生成不同分类水平上的物种丰度表,对样品Alpha多样性指数进行评估和Beta多样性分析。富硒菌C5和地衣芽孢杆菌活菌胶囊、双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊一样能调节小鼠肠道菌群丰度和多样性,Alpha多样性的ACE、Chao1和Shannon均有所升高（P<0.05）;富硒菌C5能提高小鼠肠道菌群中Firmicutes（厚壁菌门）和Lactobacillus（乳杆菌属）的相对丰度;降低Staphylococcus（葡萄球菌属）;提高Lachnospiraceae（毛螺菌科）中的Agathobacter（无杆菌属）的相对丰度（P<0.05）。富硒菌C5能够改善机体的肠道微生态,在微生物制剂改善肠道菌群健康方面具有一定的应用价值。     

禹州华夏植物群与含煤地层研究

通过对河南禹州华夏植物群与含煤地层的研究可知,河南省禹州市神垕镇与磨街乡之间的大风口一带,石炭二叠纪含煤地层出露总厚度超过950 m,最多含煤层数达89层,华北与华南所有的含煤层位在这里几乎都可以找到天然露头,成为研究我国华北晚古生代聚煤盆地的一根"铁柱子",对对比河南省煤田地质勘查和地层具有重要的标杆作用.所产植物化石已鉴定有112属306种;其中,137个为新种,分属12个植物类别.此外,剖面上还有多层可用于烧制钧瓷的黏土矿层.     

Role of Metabolism in Bone Development and Homeostasis

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are the underlying energy sources for animals and are catabolized through specific biochemical cascades involving numerous enzymes. The catabolites and metabolites in these metabolic pathways are crucial for many cellular functions; therefore, an imbalance and/or dysregulation of these pathways causes cellular dysfunction, resulting in various metabolic diseases. Bone, a highly mineralized organ that serves as a skeleton of the body, undergoes continuous active turnover, which is required for the maintenance of healthy bony components through the deposition and resorption of bone matrix and minerals. This highly coordinated event is regulated throughout life by bone cells such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, and requires synchronized activities from different metabolic pathways. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the cellular metabolism involved in bone development and homeostasis, as revealed by mouse genetic studies.