MiSeq测序研究散装酱卤鸭肉贮藏期间微生物群落多样

为研究散装酱卤鸭肉贮藏过程中微生物变化规律,揭示其腐败本质,以期为确定其特定腐败菌（Specific Spoilage Organisms,SSO）提供依据,本文采用MiSeq测序分析其在4 ℃和25 ℃贮藏过程中微生物群落多样性。结果表明,样品在4 ℃和25 ℃贮藏过程中细菌和真菌物种多样性在总体上均呈现下降趋势。样品贮藏初期优势细菌是Weissella sp.、Staphylococcus sp.、和未分类的肠杆菌科,优势真菌是Debaryomyces sp. IZ_1257和Lodderomyces elongisporus。4 ℃贮藏中后期,肺炎嗜冷杆菌（Psychrobacter pulmonis）和Staphylococcus sp.为主要优势细菌;而25 ℃贮藏中后期的优势细菌则为Weissella sp.、Staphylococcus sp.、溶酪大球菌（Macrococcus caseolyticus）和未分类的肠杆菌科。4 ℃、25 ℃贮藏中后期样品中最主要优势真菌均为Debaryomyces sp. IZ_1257。相比较于传统方法,MiSeq测序提供的微生物多样信息更接近于样品微生态,更能够全面解析各环境样品微生物多样性。     

五粮浓香型白酒窖房和曲房空气细菌相关性的初步研究

从宜宾华夏酒业窖房和曲房空气中分离得到44株细菌,对所得菌株进行了16S rDNA基因系统发育及部分酿造特性分析。窖房和曲房空气的细菌在属和种一级的相似性分别为40.0%和36.4%,且均以Bacillus cereus、Bacillus anthracis细菌为优势种,表明2个细菌群落具有一定的相似性。分离自窖房空气的菌株有20株（占95.2%）耐受7%的无水乙醇,2株菌耐受pH4.5,且分别有2株、9株能够产纤维素酶和淀粉酶;分离自曲房空气的菌株均不耐受7%的乙醇和pH4.5,产纤维素酶和淀粉酶的菌株分别有6株、3株。结果表明,经过长期的酿酒生产,曲房和窖房空气中均形成了较为稳定的细菌区系,其菌落组成与酿酒生产存在较为密切的相关性。在生产中,2个细菌群落之间存在广泛的交流。     

Effects of different ripening procedures on the final characteristics of Picante cheese

 Picante da Beira Baixa (or Picante) cheese is a hard, piquant, salted traditional cheese manufactured in Portugal from raw sheep's and goat's milks. The purpose of this work was to quantitatively assess the influence of various ripening procedures on the final characteristics of Picante cheese. Two alternative ripening protocols were considered, the traditional one and another with controlled environmental conditions via use of maturation chambers set at different preselected temperatures. The experimental cheeses were characterised in terms of microbiological, physicochemical, biochemical, sensorial and textural properties. Ripening time and temperature were statistically significant parameters for all microflora. The two ripening methods led to statistically significant differences in all physicochemical and biochemical parameters, especially the moisture content and the soluble nitrogen fractions (i.e. water loss was slower and proteolysis was faster in cheeses ripened via the traditional method). Differences in microbiological, physicochemical and biochemical properties were probables implicated in differences in textural and sensorial properties, especially cheese hardness and flavour. It was concluded that the standard ripening method was closest to the traditional one in terms of final cheese characteristics when the ripening temperature was above 11.5  °C. Received: 3 February 1998     

金华火腿发酵过程中微生物区系研究

本实验对金华火腿传统工艺发酵过程中微生物的数量及种类的变化进行了较详细深入的研究,检测了一年中金华火腿表面和深部微生物的数量变化规律、微生物的种类,并检测了发酵过程中水分、含盐量和pH值的动态变化.研究结果表明:金华火腿前期内部及表面微生物数量极少,晾晒时表面微生物数量增加,进入发酵室后内部微生物也很快增加达到106CFU/g,火腿成熟生香时期,内部微生物数量降至103CFU/g以下,优势菌相是葡萄球菌,其次是乳酸菌;内部酵母菌群中占优势的菌种主要有类筒假丝酵母、汉逊德巴利酵母、赛道威汉逊酵母、红酵母等,火腿表面的霉菌数量影响着内部的微生物.最初的阶段,二者一起增加,当霉菌的数量增加到一定水平时,抑制内部微生物的生长,使其数量减少;当霉菌数量减少时,内部微生物数量就会增加,发酵前期青霉菌占优势,主要有意大利青霉、简单青霉、灰绿青霉、柑桔青霉等.发酵后期,为曲霉菌占优势,主要包括萨氏曲霉、灰绿曲霉、黄柄曲霉等.金华火腿独特的风味与该地区特有的微生物区系有一定关系.     

醋酸菌的全新保健功能―对摄入酒精时免疫系统紊乱的影响

过量饮酒会损害人体健康,目前酒精性肝病已经成为我国常见的肝病之一;食醋除了具有调味功能之外,前期大量的文献报道了其抑制血压升高、控制血糖、促进矿物质吸收等多种功能,但是对于其中发酵菌株的功能研究较少。最近研究报告指出,醋酸菌菌体能够作为全新的活性主体发挥新的功能,包括减轻酒精性肝损伤,对免疫调节和肠道菌群的调节等都有积极作用。该文主要对醋酸菌菌体的免疫调节、肠道菌群调节等全新保健功能及其作用机制进行综述介绍,有望为近一步探索醋酸菌保健功能、开发新型食醋产品提供理论指导。     

普洱熟茶对D-半乳糖衰老模型小鼠肠道菌群的影响

以D-半乳糖（D-galactose,D-gal）皮下注射建立小鼠衰老模型,探究普洱熟茶对衰老小鼠抗氧化酶活力、小肠形态结构、肠道菌群多样性及肠道微生物结构变化等的影响。本实验将C57/BL6小鼠随机分为对照组、衰老组和普洱熟茶组,18 周后,对小鼠超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活力、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）活力、丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量、小肠组织病理和肠道菌群结构（16S rDNA高通量测序）变化进行检测分析。结果发现,D-gal致衰老小鼠SOD和GSH-Px活力显著降低,MDA含量显著升高（P＜0.05）;普洱熟茶显著提高衰老小鼠体内SOD和GSH-Px活力,显著降低MDA含量（P＜0.05）;在苏木素-伊红染色实验中,与对照组相比,衰老组小鼠绒毛长度、隐窝深度和肌层厚度显著降低（P＜0.05）;与衰老组相比,普洱熟茶组小鼠绒毛长度、隐窝深度和肌层厚度显著升高（P＜0.05）;利用高通量测序技术发现普洱熟茶干预改善了衰老小鼠肠道菌群结构,具体表现为拟杆菌门与厚壁杆菌门数量比值显著升高（P＜0.05）,乳杆菌科和乳杆菌属相对丰度显著降低（P＜0.05）,瘤胃菌科相对丰度显著升高（P＜0.05）。普洱熟茶在正常的3 倍高剂量条件下可改善衰老所致的肠道菌群结构失衡现象,有助于延缓衰老。     

基于高通量测序分析毛菊苣醇提物对db/db小鼠肠道菌群的影响

该文探究毛菊苣醇提物对糖尿病小鼠（db/db小鼠）肠道菌群的影响。该研究以m/m小鼠为正常对照组（CON组）,db/db小鼠随机分为模型组（MOD组）、二甲双胍组（MET组）、毛菊苣醇提物低剂量组（CGL组）、毛菊苣醇提物高剂量组（CGH组）。灌胃给药8周,对小鼠体质量、空腹血糖、肝脏总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）进行分析,对小鼠粪便进行16S rRNA测序分析,探究毛菊苣醇提物对小鼠肠道菌群的影响。毛菊苣醇提物高剂量组可调节db/db小鼠体质量及血糖,显著降低db/db小鼠TC、TG水平（P<0.05）;测序结果显示CON组、MOD组、CGH组三组小鼠肠道菌群情况存在差异,毛菊苣醇提物给药可改善db/db 小鼠的肠道菌群失调,上调db/db小鼠肠道菌群中有益菌双歧杆菌属（Bifidobacterium）、Romboutsia、普雷沃氏菌属（Prevotella）菌群相对丰度。研究证明了毛菊苣醇提物给药能调节db/db小鼠肠道菌群,通过提高有益菌相对丰度调节糖脂代谢,可为新疆地产毛菊苣药材资源的开发利用提供全新的研究思路。     

Shhedding New Light on the Role of Hedgehog Signaling in Corneal Wound Healing

The cornea, an anterior ocular tissue that notably serves to protect the eye from external insults and refract light, requires constant epithelium renewal and efficient healing following injury to maintain ocular homeostasis. Although several key cell populations and molecular pathways implicated in corneal wound healing have already been thoroughly investigated, insufficient/impaired or excessive corneal wound healing remains a major clinical issue in ophthalmology, and new avenues of research are still needed to further improve corneal wound healing. Because of its implication in numerous cellular/tissular homeostatic processes and oxidative stress, there is growing evidence of the role of Hedgehog signaling pathway in physiological and pathological corneal wound healing. Reviewing current scientific evidence, Hedgehog signaling and its effectors participate in corneal wound healing mainly at the level of the corneal and limbal epithelium, where Sonic Hedgehog-mediated signaling promotes limbal stem cell proliferation and corneal epithelial cell proliferation and migration following corneal injury. Hedgehog signaling could also participate in corneal epithelial barrier homeostasis and in pathological corneal healing such as corneal injury-related neovascularization. By gaining a better understanding of the role of this double-edged sword in physiological and pathological corneal wound healing, fascinating new research avenues and therapeutic strategies will undoubtedly emerge.     

Multi-scale mechanistic modelling of the host defence in invasive aspergillosis reveals leucocyte activation and iron acquisition as drivers of infection outcome

Aspergillus species are ubiquitous environmental moulds, with spores inhaled daily by most humans. Immunocompromised hosts can develop an invasive infection resulting in high mortality. There is, therefore, a pressing need for host-centric therapeutics for this infection. To address it, we created a multi-scale computational model of the infection, focused on its interaction with the innate immune system and iron, a critical nutrient for the pathogen. The model, parameterized using published data, was found to recapitulate a wide range of biological features and was experimentally validated in vivo. Conidial swelling was identified as critical in fungal strains with high growth, whereas the siderophore secretion rate seems to be an essential prerequisite for the establishment of the infection in low-growth strains. In immunocompetent hosts, high growth, high swelling probability and impaired leucocyte activation lead to a high conidial germination rate. Similarly, in neutropenic hosts, high fungal growth was achieved through synergy between high growth rate, high swelling probability, slow leucocyte activation and high siderophore secretion. In summary, the model reveals a small set of parameters related to fungal growth, iron acquisition and leucocyte activation as critical determinants of the fate of the infection.