复方苍术方调节肠道菌群及肠道保护作用的研究

本文探讨了复方苍术方调节肠道菌群及肠保护作用。给予复方苍术方后,中、高剂量组肠球菌及高剂量组肠杆菌菌落数(按lg CFU计)分别降低6.35%、8.17%及5.69%;中、高剂量组乳杆菌和双歧杆菌菌落数分别增加7.04%、6.74%、6.99%和8.10%,且高于阳性对照组;同时,中、高剂量组盲肠内容物p H值分别降低6.58%和5.26%;肠道组织病理结果显示复方苍术方低剂量组十二指肠、回肠及中、高剂量组十二指肠、空肠、回肠A/V比值分别增加29.84%、17.47%、56.01%、31.18%、20.09%、46.51%、30.52%和20.09%,且中、高剂量组空肠、回肠A/V比值明显高于阳性对照组。此外,复方苍术方低、中、高剂量组小肠墨汁推进率分别增加43.92%、69.93%和98.31%。研究结果表明,复方苍术方可能通过调节肠道菌群结构改善肠道微环境,且效果优于单用低聚半乳糖。     

益生元对早产儿、肥胖及老年群体肠道菌群调节机制的研究现状

肠道微生物是人体不可或缺的一部分,微生物多样性和群落结构的稳定性与机体健康息息相关。临床研究 表明,肠道微生物数量在特殊人群的疾病发展中扮演着重要角色。益生元作为人体膳食重要的组成部分,主要为植 物源的非消化性低聚糖和膳食纤维,其具有选择性促进肠道内特定菌群增殖与活力的效果。本文以肠道微生物在人 体中的变化过程为研究对象,主要对比3 类特殊人群（早产儿、肥胖人群及老年人）的肠道微生物定植差异以及益 生元对此类人群肠道菌群的调节作用。为益生元的肠道菌群调节机理和益生元功能性食品开发提供理论依据。     

Mice with Whole-Body Disruption of AMPK-Glycogen Binding Have Increased Adiposity,Reduced Fat Oxidation and Altered Tissue Glycogen Dynamics

The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a central regulator of cellular energy balance and metabolism, binds glycogen via its β subunit. However, the physiological effects of disrupting AMPK-glycogen interactions remain incompletely understood. To chronically disrupt AMPK-glycogen binding, AMPK β double knock-in (DKI) mice were generated with mutations in residues critical for glycogen binding in both the β1 (W100A) and β2 (W98A) subunit isoforms. We examined the effects of this DKI mutation on whole-body substrate utilization, glucose homeostasis, and tissue glycogen dynamics. Body composition, metabolic caging, glucose and insulin tolerance, serum hormone and lipid profiles, and tissue glycogen and protein content were analyzed in chow-fed male DKI and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. DKI mice displayed increased whole-body fat mass and glucose intolerance associated with reduced fat oxidation relative to WT. DKI mice had reduced liver glycogen content in the fed state concomitant with increased utilization and no repletion of skeletal muscle glycogen in response to fasting and refeeding, respectively, despite similar glycogen-associated protein content relative to WT. DKI liver and skeletal muscle displayed reductions in AMPK protein content versus WT. These findings identify phenotypic effects of the AMPK DKI mutation on whole-body metabolism and tissue AMPK content and glycogen dynamics.     

糖尿病患者肠道中4 种重要菌群的定量分析

目的：了解正常人群与Ⅱ型糖尿病人,以及Ⅱ型糖尿病人在是否有家族遗传、是否用药治疗和是否伴随肥胖等情况下肠道中拟杆菌、双歧杆菌、柔嫩梭菌和乳杆菌的含量与变化,为预防和治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病开辟新途径。方法：收集上述各类人群粪便样品（每组10 人）,分别提取样品中微生物的总DNA,运用荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）扩增4 种重要菌群的特异性片段,计算含量,分析上述菌群的变化差异。结果：正常人群肠道中的拟杆菌和双歧杆菌含量均显著低于Ⅱ型糖尿病人群;柔嫩梭菌和乳杆菌含量均显著高于后者。在Ⅱ型糖尿病人群中,用药患者组和肥胖＋高血糖患者组的肠道中拟杆菌和双歧杆菌含量均显著低于未用药患者组和单纯高血糖患者组,而柔嫩梭菌和乳杆菌含量均显著高于后者。有无Ⅱ型糖尿病遗传史对患者肠道内4 种菌群的含量均无显著影响。结论：4 种重要菌群与Ⅱ型糖尿病的发生和发展有密切关系;用药治疗后的患者肠道中4 种重要菌群含量比其他各组更接近正常人群;肥胖易加重Ⅱ型糖尿病病情;而有无Ⅱ型糖尿病家族遗传对这4 种菌群的含量几乎没有影响。     

生鲜家畜肉类与水产鱼虾类物流过程中微生物菌相变化的研究进展

生鲜家畜肉类及水产鱼虾类物流过程中的腐败变质主要由微生物引起。随着分子生物学技术的快速发展,分子生态技术已成为研究生鲜家畜肉类及水产鱼虾类物流过程中微生物菌相变化的主要手段。引起生鲜家畜肉类及水产鱼虾类在物流过程中腐败变质的微生物也不断被发现。本文综述了生鲜家畜肉类及水产鱼虾类物流过程中常见微生物物种,包括肉食杆菌、乳酸菌、沙门氏菌属、假单胞菌属、明串珠菌属、热杀索丝菌、单增李斯特氏菌等细菌以及酵母菌、霉菌等真菌;介绍了2010年后多用于生鲜家畜肉类和水产鱼虾类菌相研究的分子生态技术,包括变性梯度凝胶电泳技术、末端限制性片段长度多态性技术、高通量测序技术和实时定量聚合酶链式反应技术,旨在为我国生鲜家畜肉类及水产鱼虾类的菌相研究提供参考。     

Lipid Droplets and Their Autophagic Turnover via the Raft-Like Vacuolar Microdomains

Although once perceived as inert structures that merely serve for lipid storage, lipid droplets (LDs) have proven to be the dynamic organelles that hold many cellular functions. The LDs’ basic structure of a hydrophobic core consisting of neutral lipids and enclosed in a phospholipid monolayer allows for quick lipid accessibility for intracellular energy and membrane production. Whereas formed at the peripheral and perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum, LDs are degraded either in the cytosol by lipolysis or in the vacuoles/lysosomes by autophagy. Autophagy is a regulated breakdown of dysfunctional, damaged, or surplus cellular components. The selective autophagy of LDs is called lipophagy. Here, we review LDs and their degradation by lipophagy in yeast, which proceeds via the micrometer-scale raft-like lipid domains in the vacuolar membrane. These vacuolar microdomains form during nutrient deprivation and facilitate internalization of LDs via the vacuolar membrane invagination and scission. The resultant intra-vacuolar autophagic bodies with LDs inside are broken down by vacuolar lipases and proteases. This type of lipophagy is called microlipophagy as it resembles microautophagy, the type of autophagy when substrates are sequestered right at the surface of a lytic compartment. Yeast microlipophagy via the raft-like vacuolar microdomains is a great model system to study the role of lipid domains in microautophagic pathways.     

Natural Compounds Attenuate Denervation-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy

The weight of skeletal muscle accounts for approximately 40% of the whole weight in a healthy individual, and the normal metabolism and motor function of the muscle are indispensable for healthy life. In addition, the skeletal muscle of the maxillofacial region plays an important role not only in eating and swallowing, but also in communication, such as facial expressions and conversations. In recent years, skeletal muscle atrophy has received worldwide attention as a serious health problem. However, the mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy that has been clarified at present is insufficient, and a therapeutic method against skeletal muscle atrophy has not been established. This review provides views on the importance of skeletal muscle in the maxillofacial region and explains the differences between skeletal muscles in the maxillofacial region and other regions. We summarize the findings to change in gene expression in muscle remodeling and emphasize the advantages and disadvantages of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy model. Finally, we discuss the newly discovered beneficial effects of natural compounds on skeletal muscle atrophy.     

柠檬酸甘薯淀粉对齐口裂腹鱼生长及肠道菌群的影响

目的：探讨饲料中添加柠檬酸甘薯淀粉（citrate sweet potato starch,CSPS）对齐口裂腹鱼生长及肠道微环境的影响。方法：选用平均体质量为（75.47±5.43） g的齐口裂腹鱼共180 尾,随机分为5 组,每组3 个重复,每个重复12 尾鱼。对照组饲喂基础日粮,实验组分别饲喂添加3.5%、7%、14%及28%的CSPS的日粮,连续饲喂60 d后解剖齐口裂腹鱼,称质量后计算饵料系数、摄食率、特定生长率,取出肠管测定肠道黏膜皱褶高度,并对肠道菌群进行聚合酶链式反应变性梯度凝胶电泳（polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE）分析。结果：7%及14%的剂量组的末质量、摄食率、特定生长率显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）;14%、28%剂量组前肠黏膜皱褶高度显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。在中肠,对照组中肠道菌群与3.5%剂量组相似度最高。在前后肠,对照组与其他各剂量组肠道菌群相似度均较低,但50.0≤q＜75.0（中度相似）。结论：低剂量（7%）的CSPS能够促进生长,而高剂量（28%）会抑制生长,CSPS能影响齐口裂腹鱼的肠道菌群。     

快速冷却水系统的动态平衡控制与优化

针对某厂4300mm宽厚板生产线水处理系统供水泵低水位不供水、回水提升泵组高压电机频繁烧损的问题,通过分析水系统工作原理,认为供水池和回水池容积不能充分利用,机动容积不足造成水系统动态不平衡是问题产生的根本原因。为此,采用同步排吸透平技术并对快冷水系统过程动态平衡的构建和优化,供水泵组实现了-1. 2m最低机动水位10s内启泵;提升泵组启停频次大幅降低,运行良好;同时,设计池容得到充分挖掘利用,实现了需水、供水和回水的动态平衡和工序间的能力匹配,有效解决了供水泵组低水位启泵不供水问题和提升泵组频繁损坏问题。