烟草青枯病颉颃细菌的筛选及其防病效果研究

从安徽、浙江等地的烟草、蕃茄和辣椒等茄科作物根标、根围土壤和病、健植株组织中,分离纯化到168个细菌菌株,通过室内异步培养法和平板扩散法,筛选出17个对烟草青枯病菌具有一定颉颃作用的菌株,其中,AQB-46和AQB-33两菌株抑菌能力最强,抑菌圈直径分别为33.7mm和30.6mm。盆栽防病结果表明,这2个菌株对青枯病的防治效果在接种青枯菌后的30d内一直维持在54.2%~64.7%。菌株AQB-62室内抑菌试验效果明显低于AQB-46和AQB-33,但盆栽防病的效果在接种后的20d内也一直维持在49.9%~53.0%的水平。接种前3d喷施颉颃菌的各处理,其防病效果远高于接种后3d喷施颉颃菌的各处理,前者防效最高为64.7%,而后者最高仅为15.0%,说明颉颃菌对烟草青枯病的防治主要表现为预防。此外,颉颃菌的防病作用主要表现为减轻发病程度,而对发病率没有影响。颉颃菌除具有直接的抑制青枯菌定殖、繁衍、扩展外,有的菌株如AQB-62还具有一定的诱导抗性作用。AQB-46,AQB-33和AQB-62等3个菌株可望研制成生物农药,使之更有效地防治烟草青枯病。      

机器学习在肉类微生物安全中的应用研究进展

肉品营养丰富,极易受到致病菌、腐败菌等有害微生物的污染,其食用安全性备受关注。近年来,机器学习方法在食品安全领域内得到了充分应用。本文分别从肉品中有害微生物的检测和预测建模2 个角度对机器学习方法的应用进行综述,分析了现阶段机器学习方法的不足,并对其在肉类微生物安全中的发展前景进行展望。     

Disgust as a disease-avoidance mechanism.

Many researchers have claimed that the emotion of disgust functions to protect us from disease. Although there have been several discussions of this hypothesis, none have yet reviewed the evidence in its entirety. The authors derive 14 hypotheses from a disease-avoidance account and evaluate the evidence for each, drawing upon research on pathogen avoidance in animals and empirical research on disgust. In all but 1 case, the evidence favors a disease-avoidance account. It is suggested that disgust is evoked by objects/people that possess particular types of prepared features that connote disease. Such simple disgusts are directly disease related, are acquired during childhood, and are able to contaminate other objects/people. The complex disgusts, which emerge later in development, may be mediated by several emotions. In these cases, violations of societal norms that may subserve a disease-avoidance function, notably relating to food and sex, act as reminders of simple disgust elicitors and thus generate disgust and motivate compliance. The authors find strong support for a disease-avoidance account and suggest that it offers a way to bridge the divide between concrete and ideational accounts of disgust. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A nuclear-encoded intein in the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans.

We have used comparative sequence analysis to identify an intein-like sequence (protein splicing element) present in Cryptococcus neoformans, a fungal pathogen of humans. The sequence encoding this element is present in the C. neoformans PRP8 gene, as an in-frame insertion relative to the PRP8 genes of other organisms. It contains sequences similar to those of the protein-splicing domains of two previously described yeast inteins (in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida tropicalis), although it lacks any recognizable internal endonuclease domain. The Cryptococcus neoformans intein (Cne PRP8) is only the second to be found in a eukaryote nuclear genome; the previously described yeast inteins occur at the same site in the VMA gene homologues of S. cerevisiae and C. tropicalis. The host gene of the Cryptococcus intein, PRP8, encodes a highly conserved mRNA splicing protein found as part of the spliceosome. The Cne PRP8 intein may be a useful drug target in addressing the cryptococcal infections so prevalent in AIDS patients.     

Investigations of milk quality from teats with milk flow disorders

The objective of this study was to investigate the quality of milk from teats with milk flow disorders. Somatic cell count, pathogens, and signs of mastitis (>100,000 cells/ml and pathogens detected) were determined in the milk from all teats of the udder before treatment of the affected teat, as well as 1 and 6 mo later. Teats with milk flow disorders were compared to all of the other teats from the same udder. Before treatment, the SCC from affected teats was 4.3 million higher, the odds of detecting pathogens 6 times higher, and the odds of mastitis 11 times higher than in control teats (when adjusted for other significant explanatory variables). SCC and the risk of mastitis decreased after surgical treatment of the affected teats, whereas the chance of detecting pathogens was not affected. Six months after treatment, the SCC was 1.3 million higher, and the odds of mastitis 6.5 times higher than in control teats. Throughout the study period neither SCC, the odds of detecting pathogens, nor mastitis changed significantly in control teats. It may be concluded from this study that milk quality from teats with milk flow disorders is decreased before treatment and does not reach the milk quality from unaffected teats within 6 mo after treatment.     

医学领域中的新型生物传感器

生物传感器作为一项新技术已广泛地应用于人体生化指标和各种病原体的检测，糖尿病和缺血一再灌注损伤病人的监测以及空间生命科学的在线监视等医学领域，它以准确，灵敏、高效，快速，设备简便和成本低等优点，逐渐成为近年来医学诊断监测技术的热点之一，对近年来国内外应用中医学领域中的新型生物传感器进行综述。     

New modules for PCR-based gene targeting in Candida albicans: rapid and efficient gene targeting using 100 bp of flanking homology region

The use of PCR-based techniques for directed gene alterations has become a standard tool in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In our efforts to increase the speed of functional analysis of Candida albicans genes, we constructed a modular system of plasmid vectors and successfully applied PCR-amplified functional analysis (FA)-cassettes in the transformation of C. albicans. These cassettes facilitate: (a) gene disruptions; (b) tagging of 3'-ends of genes with green fluorescent protein (GFP); and (c) replacements of endogenous promoters to achieve regulated expression. The modules consists of a core of three selectable marker genes, CaURA3, CaHIS1 and CaARG4. Modules for C-terminal GFP-tagging were generated by adding GFP-sequences flanked at the 5'-end by a (Gly-Ala)3-linker and at the 3'-end by the S. cerevisiae URA3-terminator to these selection markers. Promoter exchange modules consist of the respective marker genes followed by the regulatable CaMAL2 or CaMET3 promoters at their 3'-ends. In order to ensure a reliably high rate of homologous gene targeting, the flanking homology regions required a size of 100 bp of gene-specific sequences, which were provided with the oligonucleotide primers. The use of shorter flanking homology regions produced unsatisfactory results with C. albicans strain BWP17. With these new modules only a minimal set of primers is required to achieve the functional analysis of C. albicans genes and, therefore, provides a basic tool to increase the number of functionally characterized C. albicans genes of this human pathogen in the near future.     

多发性骨髓瘤患者住院化疗感染的临床特征及影响因素研究

目的: 研究多发性骨髓瘤（multiple myeloma, MM）患者住院化疗感染的临床特征,探讨感染的影响因素,为院内感染的防治提供依据。方法: 回顾性分析2012年1月至2016年3月嘉兴学院附属第一医院住院化疗的153例MM患者临床资料,研究感染的临床特征及影响因素。结果: 153例多发性骨髓瘤患者累计完成化疗415个疗程,其中150个疗程出现感染,占36.14%;常见的感染部位为呼吸道（49.25%）、消化道（16.42%）、泌尿道（13.43%）和口腔（7.46%）。共检出74株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌占71.62%,革兰阳性菌占17.57%。Logistic多元回归分析显示,合并有糖尿病（95%CI:6.572-80.650,OR=22.359,P<0.001）、住院时间>20 d（95%CI:1.785-29.169,OR=17.328,P<0.001）、ISS分期高（95%CI:4.974-35.247,OR=12.894,P<0.001）是MM患者住院化疗感染的独立危险因素。结论: MM患者住院化疗容易并发各种病原菌感染,合并糖尿病、住院时间>20 d以及根据国际分期系统（ISS）分期高的患者感染发生率更高;对于合并有糖尿病、住院时间>20 d以及ISS分期高的患者应积极采取有效的预防和控制感染措施。     

A detection method of Escherichia coli O157:H7 based on immunomagnetic separation and aptamers-gold nanoparticle probe quenching Rhodamine B’s fluorescence: Escherichia coli O157:H7 detection method based on IMS and Apt-AuNPs probe quenching Rho B’ s fluorescence

This research aimed to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7 in milk based on immunomagnetic probe separation technology and quenching effect of gold nanoparticles to Rhodamine B. Streptavidin-modified magnetic beads (MBs) were combined with biotin-modified antibodies to capture E. coli O157:H7 specifically. Gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) was incubated with sulfhydryl-modified aptamers (SH-Aptamers) to obtain the Aptamers-AuNPs probe. After magnetic beads captured target bacteria and formed a sandwich structure with the gold nanoprobe, Rhodamine B was added into complex to obtain fluorescent signal changes. Our results demonstrated that the established method could detect E. coli O157:H7 in the range of 10¹–10⁷ CFU/mL, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.35 CFU/mL in TBST buffer (pH = 7.4). In milk simulation samples, the LOD of this method was 1.03 CFU/mL. Our research provides a promising approach on the detection of E. coli O157:H7.     

The effect of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis on the lactation curve for somatic cell count

Data from 274 Dutch herds recording clinical mastitis (CM) over an 18-mo period were used to investigate the effect of pathogen-specific CM on the lactation curve for somatic cell count (SCC). Analyzed pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, other streptococci, and the culture-negative samples. The dataset contained 178,754 test-day records on SCC, recorded in 26,411 lactations of 21,525 cows of different parities. In lactations without both clinical and subclinical mastitis, SCC was high shortly after parturition, decreased to a minimum at 50 days in milk (DIM), and increased slowly toward the end of the lactation. Effects of CM on lactation curves for SCC differed among the pathogens isolated. Before a case of clinical E. coli mastitis occurred, SCC was close to the SCC of lactations without both clinical and subclinical mastitis, and after the case of CM had occurred, SCC returned rather quickly to a low level again. Similar curves were found for lactations with cases of CM associated with culture-negative samples. Before a case of clinical Staph. aureus mastitis occurred, average SCC was already high, and it remained high after the occurrence. Effects of CM associated with Strep. dysgalactiae, Strep. uberis, and other streptococci on the lactation curve for SCC were comparable. They showed a continuous increase in SCC until the case of pathogen-specific CM occurred, and afterwards SCC stayed at a higher level. Using SCC test-day records, these typical characteristics of each pathogen may be used to find more effective indicators of CM.