鲜切果蔬中致腐微生物污染及其非热杀菌的研究进展

新鲜果蔬经过切割处理后,组织极易变软、腐烂,致使产品品质下降。鲜切果蔬的腐烂主要是由微生物生长繁殖所引起的。新鲜果蔬表面一般存在的致腐菌主要包括:欧文氏菌(Erwinia)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas)、芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)等细菌以及灰酶(Bortytis)、青霉(Penicillium)、根霉(Rhizopus)和黑曲霉(Aspergillus)等霉菌。目前应用于鲜切果蔬中的主要非热杀菌技术主要有物理杀菌、植物源杀菌和生物杀菌。据此对引起鲜切果蔬腐烂的致腐微生物种类的文献进行综述,并对控制鲜切果蔬腐烂的非热杀菌技术进行了论述。      

响应面优化鲜切紫薯褐变控制条件

利用响应面法对鲜切紫薯褐变控制条件进行优化。在单因素实验基础上,以超声波强度、L-Cys、CA和AA浓度为自变量,紫薯褐变度为响应值,采用Box-Behnken实验设计和响应面分析法,研究了各自变量交互作用及其对褐变度的影响。模拟得到二次多项回归方程,获得抑制鲜切紫薯褐变最佳条件为:超声波强度130W、L-Cys浓度为0.03%、CA浓度为0.20%、AA浓度为0.06%。在此条件下处理的鲜切紫薯在4℃贮藏15d后的褐变度为6.10±0.09,与预测值相近。      

弱酸性电解水用于提升鲜切马铃薯安全品质的研究

目的 探究弱酸性电解水和自来水处理的鲜切马铃薯在室温贮藏条件下不同时间段内品质的变化。方法 模拟现代厨房贮存模式,经弱酸性电解水和自来水处理的鲜切马铃薯在室温(25±0.5)℃贮藏环境下,贮藏0、7、14、21、28、35h时,检测其感官、色度、质构、淀粉、蛋白质、钾、维生素C、菌落总数、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、霉菌、酵母菌。结果 经弱酸性电解水处理的鲜切马铃薯在室温贮藏21 h内,经自来水处理的鲜切马铃薯在室温贮藏14 h内,感官正常,其营养成分淀粉、蛋白质、维生素C、钾元素下降较少,金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、菌落总数、大肠杆菌、霉菌、酵母菌的含量均在国家标准和团体标准许可的安全范围内,可安全食用。结论 弱酸性电解水可显著提升鲜切马铃薯的贮藏品质,抑制其金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、菌落总数、大肠杆菌、霉菌、酵母菌繁殖,延长室温贮藏期。     

压热处理对不同晶型淀粉结构及消化特性的影响

为了探究不同温度的压热处理对3种不同晶型（A型、B型、C型）淀粉颗粒结构和消化特性的影响,将玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和豌豆淀粉在110、120、130℃压热条件下进行处理,并采用XRD、SEM、RVA、DSC和酶解等方式表征不同处理前后淀粉样品的理化性质和消化特性。结果表明,压热处理后淀粉的糊化特性显著改变,峰值黏度、回升值、最终黏度、崩解值降低,糊化温度升高。微观结构分析表明,压热处理过程中的水分和热能会使淀粉颗粒部分糊化,进而导致颗粒表面出现凹陷。压热处理后的马铃薯淀粉逐渐失去B型结晶的特征衍射峰,并显现出A型结晶的特征。与原豌豆淀粉相比,压热处理后的豌豆淀粉晶型有从C型转为A型的趋势,而玉米淀粉的衍射峰没有的明显变化。此外,压热处理后不同晶型淀粉中抗性淀粉的质量分数均显著升高（P<0.05）。作者系统揭示了压热处理后不同晶型淀粉结构及消化特性的变化规律,为后续利用压热法制备具有低消化率的淀粉基食品提供了理论支撑。     

甘薯水溶性紫色素清除DPPH自由基活性研究

从紫A4甘薯果肉及皮中分别提取水溶性紫色素,测定其黄酮含量并研究了其清除DPPH自由基的动力学性质,并与BHA、BHT比较其抗氧化能力。结果表明:紫A4甘薯皮中比果肉中含有更多的黄酮,分别为107.7mg/kg;135.6mg/kg;并且其清除DPPH自由基速度更快,而果肉提取色素抗氧化能力最强(ARP为4.76),两者抗氧化能力堪与BHA、BHT相媲美。     

高温水分散体系交联马铃薯淀粉的非晶化现象研究

研究了用三偏磷酸钠为交联剂高交联马铃薯淀粉的制备方法,采用偏光显微镜和广角X-射线衍射对交联马铃薯淀粉由多晶态向非晶态的渐变过程进行了详细报道发现了随着温度的升高交联马铃薯淀粉逐渐非晶化现象,提出在高温条件下交联马铃薯淀粉存在着只含无定型结构的非晶颗粒态,并用扫描电镜对非晶颗粒态马铃薯淀粉的结构进行了详细研究。     

磷酸酯化对甘薯淀粉凝沉性质的影响

对甘薯淀粉的磷酸酯化制备条件及产物的凝沉性质进行了系统研究，结果表明，甘薯淀粉磷酸单酯的最适制备工艺为：NaH2PO4：Na2HPO4=3：l；反应温度130℃～140℃：反应时间2～3h，pH5．5～6．0，催化剂用量为淀粉千基重的4％～6％。甘薯淀粉经过磷酸酯化反应后可能在脱水葡萄糖单元上引入了磷酸基团，从而导致了淀粉凝沉性质的变化，使得淀粉糊的凝沉趋势降低，透明度增高，冻融稳定性提高。     

A Comparison Study of Frying Conditions on Furan Formation in 3 Potato Varieties

Furan, a typical food contaminant formed by heating process, is classified as a possible carcinogen to humans. Many factors lead to the formation of furan in food processing. In our present study, 3 potato varieties, white potato, sweet potato, and purple potato were selected to investigate the effect of thermal processing temperature and time on furan formation. The results showed that the formation of furan was highly correlated with frying temperature and time. Among the 3 potato varieties, sweet potato resulted in the highest furan concentration when fried at 200 °C for 5 min. In addition, the frying temperature and time also influenced the water activity and the color of the 3 kinds of potato slices, which had significant correlation with the formation of furan. Furan concentration decreased along with the increasing of water activity in the 3 potato varieties and the changes presented regression relationships. Meanwhile, there was an inverse correlation between furan content and color changes in the 3 potato varieties. The level of furan decreased as total color changes (ΔE) increased and the changes also presented regression relationships. These results could be used to estimate the possibility of furan formation in the 3 varieties of potato slices systems.     

The amino acid composition,solubility and emulsifying properties of sweet potato protein

A protein was purified from the high-protein type sweet potato variety 55-2 available in China. The amino acid composition, solubility and emulsifying properties of the sweet potato protein (SPP) were studied. The SPP was rich in aspartic acid (18.5%) and glutamic acid (9.30%) while essential acid amino acids made up approximately 40.7% of the SPP. The SPP was highly soluble in distilled water over a wide range of pH. However, solubility of the SPP in 1.0 M NaCl and 1.0 M CaCl₂ solutions was low especially at pH below the pI of the SPP. The SPP in CaCl₂ demonstrated emulsifying activity index (EAI) and emulsion stability index (ESI) many folds higher than those in distilled water and NaCl solution (P < 0.05).     

交联酯化甘薯淀粉特性研究

采用示差扫描量热仪(DSC)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X-射线衍射仪(X-ray)研究了交联酯化甘薯淀粉的特性,结果表明,甘薯淀粉经过不同的交联酯化作用后,其糊化特性、颗粒形态外观特征和X-衍射图谱等发生明显的变化,并对其变化机理进行了分析。