甘薯泥作为吞咽障碍食品的研究进展

质构改良食品作为吞咽障碍患者的安全食品,具有质地柔软、吞咽安全及满足患者营养需求的特点,不同国家对吞咽障碍食品的分级各不相同,大多都聚焦于食品本身的质构特性。近些年,吞咽障碍患者的饮食安全备受关注,开发吞咽障碍食品的研究逐渐增加。甘薯泥是新鲜甘薯经过一系列加工制成的泥状食品,保留了甘薯中绝大多数营养物质,具有柔软、营养成分高的特点,是适合吞咽障碍患者食用的质构改良食品的优质原料。但甘薯泥的质构特性受到多方面因素的影响,例如加工原料、加工工艺以及贮藏条件等,限制甘薯泥作为吞咽障碍食品在食品领域的应用。该文将对质构改良食品的分类、甘薯泥加工工艺及影响甘薯泥质构特性的研究进行综述,旨在为适合吞咽障碍患者食用的甘薯泥产品的研发及应用提供理论依据。     

壳聚糖-柠檬烯涂膜对鲜切哈密瓜贮藏品质的影响

目的 探究壳聚糖-柠檬烯涂膜对鲜切哈密瓜贮藏品质的影响。方法 以无菌蒸馏水和2%壳聚糖涂膜处理鲜切哈密瓜作为对照组,用2%壳聚糖复配0.1%柠檬烯涂膜处理鲜切哈密瓜作为实验组,在贮藏第0、1、3、5、7 d对鲜切哈密瓜的感官、硬度、呼吸强度、可溶性固形物含量、色差、维生素C含量、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase, PPO)活性、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性及菌落总数进行测定。结果 2%壳聚糖复配0.1%柠檬烯涂膜显著(P<0.05)减缓了鲜切哈密瓜果肉软化,可溶性固形物和维生素C含量的下降及色差值L^*、a^*、b^*的改变;抑制了鲜切哈密瓜的呼吸强度、PPO和POD活性,增强了SOD和CAT活性,并抑制了菌落的生长,有利于鲜切哈密瓜感官品质的维持。结论 2%壳聚糖复配0.1%柠檬烯涂膜处理鲜切哈密瓜可以降低鲜切哈密瓜贮藏期间的营养物质损耗,减缓果肉的衰老变质,较好地...     

马铃薯淀粉汁水混菌发酵条件优化及应用

为了提高马铃薯淀粉加工汁水中蛋白质的降解率及减少汁水发酵过程中臭味物质的产生,实现马铃薯淀粉汁水的绿色处理及资源化利用,在低温环境（15℃）下将好氧型苔藓假单胞菌和厌氧型黏质沙雷式菌进行混合发酵。采用单因素和响应面曲线法对发酵条件进行优化,结果显示当苔藓假单胞菌与黏质沙雷氏菌接种质量比为1.7∶2.0,接种体积分数为1.98%,发酵48h后,马铃薯淀粉汁水中蛋白质降解率为65.32%,氨氮质量浓度较未发酵组降低了51.05%,磷酸盐质量浓度提高了18.67%。同时,硫化氢、3-甲基吲哚等挥发性恶臭味物质未检出,尸胺、组胺、色胺、精胺等生物胺类物质未检出;此外,汁水发酵过程中吲哚乙酸-缬氨酸甲酯、氧化吲哚乙酸等植物生长激素质量浓度增加,此汁水稀释后可提高黄瓜种子的发芽率。此方法低成本地解决了马铃薯淀粉加工汁水在低温环境下处理排放的部分问题,为发酵汁水后续资源化利用提供了科学依据。     

Physicochemical characteristics,antioxidant capacity and thermodynamic properties of purple-fleshed potatos dried by radio frequency energy

Abstract

The impacts of using radio frequency (RF) energy to dry purple-fleshed potatoes were investigated and compared to infrared radiation (IR) and microwave (MW) drying techniques. The gelatinization rate, color, flavor, morphological, and structural characteristics, thermodynamic properties, as well as antioxidant capacity were examined. The results indicated that the drying time of RF (70?min) and MW (21?min) were shorter than IR (105?min). The gelatinization ratio of MW, RF, and IR were 94.4?±?2.0, 88.3?±?1.4, and 64.5?±?1.1%, respectively. The degree of crystallization of purple-fleshed potato powder decreased with all three drying methods. RF-dried potatoes were able to retain higher polyphenols (loss rate: 4.3%), total anthocyanin (3.7%), and total flavonoid content (35.1%), whereas IR showed the lowest retention. The content of polyphenols also decreased significantly. Furthermore, after RF heating, the scavenging of free radicals was higher compared to MW and IR.     

EFFECT OF PRETREATMENT ON COLOR OF DEHYDRATED PRODUCTS

ABSTRACT

The effect of pretreatment on color of convective dried products (namely apple, banana, potato and carrot) was investigated. Five different types of pretreatment were taken into consideration; microwave, osmotic, sulfite, water blanching and steam blanching. Color characteristics were identified by measuring the color parameters (namely, Lightness (L), Redness (a) and Yellowness (b)) using a Hunter Lab chromatometer. The type of pretreatment was found to significantly affect the three color parameters. In addition, Redness (a) and Yellowness (b) were found to follow a first order kinetic model. Untreated dried materials showed an extensive browning, indicated by a significant drop of the L parameter and a corresponding increase of a, b parameters. Osmotically and microwave pretreated samples supressed browning compared to the untreated samples. In this case, lightness decreased slightly, while a, b increased slightly. Sulfite pretreatment prevented significantly color deterioration, while water and steam blanching also prevented enzymatic browning during convective drying.     

微波辅助法提取紫甘薯中的原花青素及含量的测定

研究了以紫甘薯为原料,利用微波辅助法提取原花青素时提取剂浓度、料液比、微波处理时间等因素对提取率的影响。结果表明,在此最佳实验条件下,即以盐酸的乙醇溶液为提取液,在乙醇的体积分数为50％,料液比（g：mL）为1．70,微波处理70s,所得的原花青素浸提量为0．96mg／g。     

Hazard analysis and critical control point of frying – safety assurance of fried foods

Deep frying can pose hazards due to oil deterioration (oxidation, polymerization, hydrolysis) and harmful components formation such as trans fatty acids, highly oxidized or polymerized constituents of fatty acids and acrylamide. An analysis of safety hazards of the production of the potato chips and french fries, was carried out from potato harvesting until final products packaging according to hazard analysis and critical control point approach focusing mainly on the first three principles. Since frying is considered a critical control point, the critical limits for the frying temperature and for the potential hazards must be controlled in order to ensure fried products safety.     

噻呋酰胺与吡唑醚菌酯复配对马铃薯黑痣病联合作用及其田间效果

采用菌丝生长速率法测定噻呋酰胺与吡唑醚菌酯不同配比复配对马铃薯黑痣病菌的毒力,评价其联合作用,并选择最佳配比加工成制剂进行田间小区药效试验。试验结果表明:噻呋酰胺与吡唑醚菌酯以质量比3︰1、2︰1、1︰1、1︰2、1︰3复配,增效作用显著,其中以质量比1︰2复配,增效作用最佳,共毒系数为181.42。按此比例加工30%噻呋·吡唑酯悬浮剂,在有效成分用量为200~300 g/hm~2时地面喷雾,开花期、收获时对植株黑痣病和薯块黑痣病的防效分别为72.09%~75.58%和77.08%~80.80%。因此,30%噻呋·吡唑酯悬浮剂防治马铃薯黑痣病效果良好,且对马铃薯安全,有较高的推广应用价值。     

丙炔(噁)草酮在马铃薯和土壤中的残留及安全使用评价

[方法]采用田间试验方法,对丙炔(噁)草酮在马铃薯植株及土壤中的残留消解动态及最终残留量进行了研究,用气相色谱电子捕获检测器进行定量分析.[结果]消解动态试验结果表明:丙炔(噁)草酮在土壤中的半衰期为12.9～13.6 d,在马铃薯植株中原始沉积量较低,无法计算半衰期;最终残留量试验结果表明:80％丙炔(噁)草酮可湿性粉剂按施药剂量为216、324 g a.i./hm2,喷药1次,收获期马铃薯块茎中丙炔(噁)草酮的残留量均未检出,土壤中丙炔(噁)草酮残留量为0.0393～0.0695 mg/kg.[结论]推荐80％丙炔(噁)草酮可湿性粉剂在马铃薯上使用安全间隔期为收获期.