Utilization of Lactoferrin as an Iron-Stabilizer for Soybean and Fish Oil

ABSTRACT: We investigated the oxidative stability of soybean oil and fish oil fortified with iron solubilized by lactoferrin (FeLF). Oxidative stability was evaluated by measuring the induction period of the Rancimat test. The induction time of soybean oil added FeCl₃ was decreased; however, that of added FeLF was not. This effect of lactoferrin was also observed in the iron-catalyzed oxidation offish oil at temperatures ranging from 50°C to 120°C, and at concentrations of iron ranging from 0 to 500 ppm. Thus, lactoferrin is considered useful as a natural iron stabilizer for food products containing polyunsaturated fatty acids.     

鱼副产物蛋白水解物生物活性及应用研究进展

鱼副产物蛋白质含量丰富、营养价值高,但综合利用程度较低,不仅会造成资源浪费,还会导致环境问题.研究表明,鱼副产物经蛋白酶处理能够得到小分子肽类水解物,其表现出抗氧化活性、抗冻性能、抗菌性、降血压等功能活性,可作为潜在的营养补充剂和食品添加剂.本文综述了鱼副产物蛋白水解物的制备、生物活性及应用前景,总结了生产中存在的问题...     

鱼油精制过程中的品质变化规律及评价

在传统的鱼油生产中,毛油经脱胶、脱酸、脱色、脱臭等工艺可以得到品质合格的精制鱼油,但传统鱼油生产对胆固醇、胆酸、反式脂肪酸等关乎人体健康的成分关注较少。本文通过模拟传统的鱼油生产工艺,在确保成品鱼油品质合格的同时,对鱼油中DHA、EPA、胆固醇、总胆酸、反式脂肪酸(C18:1tran,C18:2trans,C18:3trans)等进行了分析。结果表明,成品鱼油的酸值(AV)、过氧化值(POV)、碘值(IV)分别为0.53 mg KOH/g,4.35 mmol/kg和139.60 g/100 g,均达到了多烯鱼油行业一级标准(SC/T 3502-2000)。精炼工艺对DHA和EPA的影响不大,DHA和EPA的相对总含量为26%左右。成品油中胆固醇和总胆酸含量随着精炼的进行呈下降趋势,成品油中含量分别为2399 mg/kg和30 mg/kg,脱除率分别为57.4%和97.2%。反式脂肪酸含量随着精炼的进行呈上升趋势,成品油中总反式脂肪酸的相对含量为1.42%。以上结果表明,传统的鱼油精炼工艺尚存在一定的缺陷,需及时改善工艺,进一步提高鱼油的品质。     

Use of β-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (HADH) activity to differentiate frozen from unfrozen fish and shellfish

 Further work on an enzymic method to differentiate frozen from unfrozen fish and shellfish is reported. The method is based on the release of the β-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (HADH) from mitochondria during freezing. Enzymic activity was evaluated in fresh and frozen thawed samples from sole (Solea solea), sea bream (Pagellus centrodontus), hake (Merluccius merluccius), gilt headed bream (Sparus aurata), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), salmon (Salmo salar), prawn (Penaeus japonicus) and Norwegian lobster (Nephrops norvegicus). Changes in the HADH activity of fresh and frozen thawed samples were compared after freezing at –196  °C for 15 min. Two values were obtained: U (by dividing: HADH activity of samples frozen at –196  °C, then thawed/HADH activity of unfrozen samples) and F (by dividing: HADH activity of samples frozen at –18  °C, thawed, then frozen at –196  °C /HADH activity of samples frozen at –18  °C, then thawed). Statistical analysis showed significant differences (P≤0.05) between both quotients for gilt headed bream, salmon, sea bream, sole and prawn, and an arbitrary limit was set at 2 to differentiate frozen thawed from unfrozen samples. The application of this limit made it possible to discriminate the unfrozen from the frozen thawed state of around 90% of the total samples analysed. Best results were obtained for prawn (100% of samples differentiated). In the present paper, a laboratory routine is proposed based on the comparison of the HADH activity of a sample analysed straight away and that of a sample frozen at –196  °C and then thawed. The reported method is simple and fast. The entire laboratory procedure can be performed in 45 min. Received: 20 July 1998 / Revised version: 2 November 1998     

Determination of biotin in low‐temperature fish‐meal processed from different species by means of a microbiological method using Lactobacillus plantarum as test organism

Determination of biotin content in 10 fish‐meals produced from different species was performed by a microbiological assay using Lactobacillus plantarum as test organism. The contents of biotin in the fish‐meal samples ranged between 0.36 and 0.80 mg kg⁻¹. Most of the fish‐meals contained approximately 0.4 mg biotin kg⁻¹. The highest value was found in meal processed from sand eel (Ammodytes marinus). The precision of the assay showed a 2.7% relative standard deviation. Recovery using addition of biotin to the fish‐meal ranged between 93 and 95%. Testing of extraction procedure suggested that hydrolysis in 1.5 M H₂SO₄ at 121 °C for 3 h is sufficient for biotin to be liberated from proteins and amino acids. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

鱼油微胶囊技术的研究

采用喷雾干燥法对鱼油进行微胶囊化 ,并对产品进行质量评定。结果表明 :壁材阿拉伯胶、糊精、玉米糖浆的最佳配比为 3∶ 3∶ 4 ,芯材占壁材的添加量为 30 % ,乳化温度为 5 0～ 60℃ ,乳化剂添加量为 0 8% ,喷雾干燥的进风温度为 2 0 0℃ ,制得的产品质量较高 ,产品水分含量为 2 30 % ,溶解度为 94 7% ,颗粒直径 38μm,且感官质量较高。     

Accelerated Fermentation Process for the Manufacture of Fish Sauce Using Histidine

Addition of histidine accelerated hydrolysis of fish protein during fermentation in the manufacture of fish sauce and after 4 mo fermentation yielded a product typical of traditional fish sauce. The liquefaction rate of the histidine-treated sauce was faster than that of the control. The degree of hydrolysis was much greater in the histidine-added sauces than in the control. Most amino acids were higher in the histidine sauces compared to commercial patis sauce (as reference). Addition of histidine to the fish mixture during fermentation did not increase the histamine content of the sauces.     

High-Resolution NMR and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Studies on Fresh and Frozen Cod ( Gadus morhua) and Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus)

Changes in the fish muscle from cod ( Gadus morhua ) and haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus ) were investigated by high-resolution NMR and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Water- and salt-soluble extracts from fish stored at −20°C and −30°C were analysed by high-resolution proton NMR and enabled the identification of metabolites including trimethylamine oxide, trimethylamine (TMA) and dimethylamine. It was not possible to detect formaldehyde by NMR either in the stored fish samples or in spiked water or salt extracts even at high levels of formaldehyde addition, probably due to polymerisation. Systematic and controlled storage trials indicated the presence of dimethylamine at around 9 months for samples stored at −20°C, whereas no changes were detected at the control storage temperature of −30°C. A comparison of cod and haddock fillets stored for 1 year at −20 and −30°C confirmed the production of dimethylamine only in cod stored at −20°C. It was interesting to note that ‘fresh’ cod and haddock samples purchased from a local supermarket showed high levels of TMA indicating a breakdown of trimethylamine oxide to TMA by bacteria. TMA was not detected in the fish fillets especially obtained for the storage trials. MRI of fresh cod and fish stored at −8 and −30°C indicated that the fish half stored at −8°C exhibited dense lines or arches which are indicative of gaps in the tissue due to possible breakdown of the connective tissue. The images of fish stored at −30°C did not indicate any differences compared with the fresh fish. MRI also showed the presence of frozen and unfrozen areas in the fish non-destructively.     

Post mortemRelease of Fish White Muscle α-Actinin as a Marker of Disorganisation

α-Actinin release and its degradation from myofibrils Z-line were studied in post mortem white dorsal muscle from bass and sea trout stored at 4°C and 10°C. Using α-actinin specific antibodies, we show that this protein is rapidly released within the first 24 h for the two species, and reaches a plateau within 4 days. Proteolysis take place very rapidly in bass muscle yielding 80 and 40 kDa fragments from α-actinin as major bands of proteolysis. Sea trout muscle is more resistant, and muscle stored at 4°C is not significantly α-actinin degraded even 10 days after death. In the case of sea trout muscle stored at 10°C, an increasing quantity of 80 and 40 kDa fragment can be observed after the third day. These results show that release and proteolysis of α-actinin are time- and temperature-dependent processes that take place at the early stages of fish storage. Furthermore, we observed that proteolysis of α-actinin seems to be dependent on fish species. In both species studied, the early release of α-actinin comes before the degradation of released molecules, and appears as a biphasic process throughout the disorganisation of post mortem muscle in fish cold-stored above 0°C.