Contamination by moulds of grape berries in Slovakia

This paper describes the first map, albeit partial, of toxigenic fungi re-isolated from grape berries collected in three out of the six most important Slovakia winemaking areas in two different periods of the harvest year 2008. Low temperatures and high relative humidity during July 2008 favoured the development of grape fungal diseases that cause rots such as Plasmopara, Uncinula, Botrytis, Metasphaeria, Elsinoë, and Saccharomycetes. In the analysed samples, the following genera of toxigenic fungi were identified in the range of 1–4%: Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Ulocladium, and Trichoderma Trichothecium, while the genera Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Penicillium were in the range 11–29%. A. niger, A. carbonarius, some strains of A. carbonarius–with ‘crystals’ and strains of A. uvarum–uniseriate were identified; these species are considered ochratoxigenic (able to produce variable amounts of toxins). In addition, a non-ochratoxigenic strain of A. ibericus and a Fusarium strain able to biosynthesize small amount of fumonisins, beauvericin, and enniatins were identified. P. expansum, able to produce citrinin, represents 29.7%, of the Penicillium genus together with P. verrucosum, P. glabrum, P. citrinum, and P. crustosum. An analysis for the identification and quantification of the main toxins: ochratoxin A, fumonisins, beauvericin, enniatins, and fusaproliferin was performed on grape samples; it was consistent with the results of the mycological analysis. Toxigenic fungi should be checked throughout the years and their occurrence compared with all environmental factors to avoid health risks.     

果汁非酶褐变的机制及控制措施

本文阐述了果汁非酶褐变的机制：焦糖化反应、美拉德反应、抗坏血酸氧化分解和多元酚氧化缩合,并对目前常用的抑制果汁非酶褐变的方法进行了综述.     

芦荟、梨、黄瓜复合果蔬汁的加工工艺

以芦荟、梨和黄瓜为主要原料，研究了营养保健型复合果蔬汁的制作工艺。采用对比、正交实验设计，确定了最佳工艺参数，该产品具有较高的营养价值。     

爬山虎果实色素的提取及其性质的初步研究

对爬山虎(ParthenocissustricuspidatePlanch)果实天然红色素的提取方法及理化性质进行了初步研究,结果表明:爬山虎果实色素的最大吸收峰为528nm,表现出花青素的基本特征;以甲酸为溶剂时提取效果最好;随着pH值的变化,色素表现出多种变构体;Fe3 、Fe2 等金属离子及氧化剂H2O2对其稳定性有较大影响;该色素在较高的温度、较强的酸性及自然光照条件下都较为稳定。     

长白山区刺五加果糕的配方及工艺研究

以刺五加浆果为原料,通过正交实验探讨糖酸比、胶凝剂、温度等因素对产品品质的影响。结果表明产品的最佳配方为白砂糖37.9%,柠檬酸2.95%,复合胶中黄原胶2.1%、海藻酸钠2.1%、琼脂1.58%,产品具有独特组织状态、色泽和口感。污染刺五加果糕的主要微生物是交链孢菌和黄曲霉菌。微波灭菌为优选灭菌方法。     

Volatile aroma components and antioxidant activities of the flavedo peel extract of unripe Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata)

The flavedo peel extracts of unripe Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) fruits were extracted using steam distillation (SD) or a cold-press (CP) system. Volatile aroma content and composition were determined using gas chromatography (GC) and each compound was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The major constituents of the extracts were monoterpene hydrocarbons (91.75-93.75%[709.32-809.05 mg/100 g of fresh flavedo peel]) including limonene (43.08-45.13%[341.46-379.81 mg/100 g of fresh flavedo peel]), γ-terpinene (27.88-29.06%[219.90-245.86 mg/100 g of fresh flavedo peel]), and p-cymene (8.13-11.02%[61.47-97.22 mg/100 g of fresh flavedo peel]). The extraction process used was determined to be a decisive factor that affects the composition of key citrus aroma components, as well as the antioxidant activities of the Shiikuwasha fruit. Antioxidant capabilities of the extracts were examined by assay of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity and β-carotene bleaching inhibition. The cold-press extraction system may better retain the total phenolic content of the flavedo peel and display superior antioxidant activities, compared to the steam distillation extraction method. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) is a type of small citrus fruit, and has been used as raw material for beverage and food additive productions in Japan. It had a unique aroma composition in which the limonene content of its peels is lower than that of other commonly known citrus peels. The present study detailed the volatile aroma composition, as well as antioxidant capabilities of Shiikuwasha peel extracts of different extraction methods, that are cold-press and steam distillation methods. The results of this study may provide a basis for selection of Shiikuwasha peel extracts in food industry for citrus flavor production.     

Fast headspace-enantioselective GC-mass spectrometric-multivariate statistical method for routine authentication of flavoured fruit foods

This study describes a rapid total analysis system (TAS) to detect the authenticity of fruit-flavoured foods and beverages by on-line combining headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with enantioselective GC-MS (Es-GC-MS) and statistical multivariate methods (PCA, HCA). Peach, coconut, apricot, raspberry, as fruits mainly characterised by γ- and δ-lactones as chiral markers, strawberry (α-ionone, linalool, nerolidol, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, 2-methylbutyric acid and γ-lactones) and melon (ethyl 2-methylbutyrate and 2-methylbutanol) were investigated. The system was developed by (a) optimising non-equilibrium HS-SPME sample preparation, (b) speeding-up ES-GC using cyclodextrin derivatives as chiral selectors with conventional and narrow-bore columns and (c) elaborating data by multivariate methods. The resulting TAS affords a reduction of the time needed for the whole analytical process from about 150 min to 20-50 min (67-87% of the current routine method) depending on matrix, sampling and analysis conditions and Es-GC columns.     

蔬果复合酱的物性测定方法分析

介绍了蔬果复合酱的共性生产工艺,并初步探讨了该条件下蔬果复合酱的物性等。     

Impact of 100% Fruit Juice Consumption on Diet and Weight Status of Children: An Evidence-based Review

Consumption of 100% fruit juice remains controversial for its potential adverse impact on weight and displacement of essential foods in the diets of children. A systematic review of the literature published from 1995–2013 was conducted using the PubMed database to evaluate associations between intake of 100% fruit juice and weight/adiposity and nutrient intake/adequacy among children of 1 to 18 years of age. Weight status outcome measures included body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score, ponderal index, obesity, weight gain, adiposity measures, and body composition. Nutrient outcome measures included intake and adequacy of shortfall nutrients. Data extraction and analysis was conducted according to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process. Twenty-two studies on weight status provided evidence that did not support an association between 100% fruit juice consumption and weight/adiposity in children after controlling for energy intake. Limited evidence from eight studies suggests that children consuming 100% fruit juice have higher intake and adequacy of dietary fiber, vitamin C, magnesium, and potassium. Differences in methodology and study designs preclude causal determination of 100% fruit juice as sole influencer of weight status or nutrient intake/adequacy of shortfall nutrients. In context of a healthy dietary pattern, evidence suggests that consumption of 100% fruit juice may provide beneficial nutrients without contributing to pediatric obesity.