Mechanisms of Nausea and Vomiting: Current Knowledge and Recent Advances in Intracellular Emetic Signaling Systems

Nausea and vomiting are common gastrointestinal complaints that can be triggered by diverse emetic stimuli through central and/or peripheral nervous systems. Both nausea and vomiting are considered as defense mechanisms when threatening toxins/drugs/bacteria/viruses/fungi enter the body either via the enteral (e.g., the gastrointestinal tract) or parenteral routes, including the blood, skin, and respiratory systems. While vomiting is the act of forceful removal of gastrointestinal contents, nausea is believed to be a subjective sensation that is more difficult to study in nonhuman species. In this review, the authors discuss the anatomical structures, neurotransmitters/mediators, and corresponding receptors, as well as intracellular emetic signaling pathways involved in the processes of nausea and vomiting in diverse animal models as well as humans. While blockade of emetic receptors in the prevention of vomiting is fairly well understood, the potential of new classes of antiemetics altering postreceptor signal transduction mechanisms is currently evolving, which is also reviewed. Finally, future directions within the field will be discussed in terms of important questions that remain to be resolved and advances in technology that may help provide potential answers.     

型材产生壁厚偏差的原因及解决方法

就型材生产过程中产生壁厚偏差的原因进行了分析，并就解决偏差的方法进行了探讨。     

高pH值污水杀菌剂的研究

介绍了高pH值污水细菌含量状况，研究了高pH值污水细菌生长与抗药性的变化规律，研制出针对高pH值污水应用的高效杀菌剂。     

仪表视窗注射模设计

分析了电器仪表视窗的工艺性,介绍了电器仪表视窗注射模具的结构设计,并对采用公差带来计算成型零件尺寸的方法进行了初步的探讨,可以在一定程度上预测模具的使用寿命。     

Efficient fault-tolerant collision-free data aggregation scheduling for wireless sensor networks

This paper investigates the design of fault-tolerant TDMA-based data aggregation scheduling (DAS) protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). DAS is a fundamental pattern of communication in wireless sensor networks where sensor nodes aggregate and relay data to a sink node. However, any such DAS protocol needs to be cognisant of the fact that crash failures can occur. We make the following contributions: (i) we identify a necessary condition to solve the DAS problem, (ii) we introduce a strong and weak version of the DAS problem, (iii) we show several impossibility results due to the crash failures, (iv) we develop a modular local algorithm that solves stabilising weak DAS and (v) we show, through simulations and an actual deployment on a small testbed, how specific instantiations of parameters can lead to the algorithm achieving very efficient stabilisation.     

分布式系统可靠性研究的问题和挑战

分布式系统中软件可靠性是应用软件的发布者和用户关心的重要问题。针对大规模分布式应用,包括电子政务、电子商务、多媒体服务和端到端的自动化解决方案,已经产生了各种各样的模型来评价或预测其可靠性,但是这些系统的可靠性问题依然存在。相反,为了确保分布式系统的可靠性,要求在预测或评价整个系统可靠性之前,检查与企业分布式应用相关的每一个单个构件或因素的可靠性,且实现透明的错误检测和错误恢复机制为用户提供无缝交互。因此,文章从检查单个构件可靠性的角度,提出了在分布式系统上运行的应用软件可靠性的问题和挑战。     

基于容差关系的不完备信息系统的属性约简

粗糙集理论是一种处理不确定性知识的有效工具,属性约简是其核心内容之一,然而对于属性值有缺省的不完备信息系统,基于等价关系的经典粗糙集理论已经不再适用。由于容差关系下的不完备信息系统的属性约简的定义与经典粗糙集的属性约简定义相似,可以用容差关系对粗糙集理论进行扩充。文中通过定义容差关系下的可辨识矩阵,运用可辨识方法,得到了一种属性约简算法;接着分析了算法的不足之处,并且在此基础上提出了增加约简效率的改进型算法;最后通过一个数值例子,说明了该算法是合理的和有效的。     

Product and process parameters determination for quality and cost

The purpose of this study is to conduct a concurrent product and process parameters determination for further cost reduction and quality enhancement. The process design-related parameters, such as process mean, process tolerance and product design-related parameters, such as product tolerance, are considered simultaneously in the proposed approach. To reflect the response from these three key controllable characteristics: process mean, process tolerance and product tolerance, the key measurement score, which is the sum of the mean cost, tolerance cost, quality loss and failure cost, is used to evaluate the present model. Two examples are provided for demonstrating the application of single and multiple quality characteristics.     

压痕残余应力对氮化硅基复合材料阻力曲线行为的影响

通过压痕小裂纹直接量测法获得了ＴｉＣ，ＴｉＮ／Ｓｉ３Ｎ４复合材料的阻力曲线，采用更具合理性的指数经验公式拟合处理实验数据，初步探讨了Ｋ∞，Ｋ＾＊Ｒ，ΔＣ，等参数的物理意义。对压痕残余应力消除前 实验结果进行比较，发现压痕残余应力的消除，提高了材料的极限断裂韧性值Ｋ＾＊Ｒ，却大大减少了裂纹稳态生长的容限，使得材料的脆性行为更为突出。     

程序控制流检测算法优化

暴露在太空辐射环境下的星载计算机,其电子元器件可能因受到高能带电粒子的轰击而造成硬件系统的瞬时故障,所以,需要使用容错技术来提高其可靠性。对一种面向硬件瞬时故障的纯软件控制流检测算法RSCFC(Relationship Signatures for Control Flow Checking)进行了有效的改进,通过对标签S进行分段编码,克服了原算法中存在的待加固程序的基本块总数受机器字长限制的问题,并给出了具体的计算证明。计算结果表明,如果机器字长为64位,那么改进后的算法在设定前提下能单层加固程序的最大基本块数可以超过218。与RSCFC相比,改进后的算法在加固基本块总数比较大的程序时,性能开销明显降低而且检错能力保持不变。