分子筛成核与晶体生长动力学研究 Ⅰ.非自成核体系中修正的 Lechert 模型

通过引入凝胶和晶体介质对液相扩散速率的修正因子，在非自成核体系得到修正的Ｌｅｃｈｅｒｔ分子筛晶体生长动力学模型，给出了诱导期和晶体快速生长期的计算公式，表明了晶种量对诱导期影响的特殊性。与Ｌｅｃｈｅｒｔ模型相比，该模型不仅对Ｙ型、ＺＳＭ－５型和Ｌ型实验晶化曲线的前期和后期进行了较好的拟合，且可通过Ｙ型分子筛晶体生长曲线定性推断导向剂中初始晶种的半径、晶种量和颗粒密度随导向剂老化条件的变化规律。     

Polyelectrolyte screening effects on the dissolution of whey protein gels at high pH conditions

The literature reports an optimum NaOH concentration for the alkaline cleaning of whey deposits or gels; at NaOH concentrations higher than this optimum, cleaning proceeds much more slowly. Although this phenomenon is of great importance in the cleaning of dairy equipment, no conclusive physical explanation has yet been presented. In this study, we present strong evidence that the dissolution rate is affected by the equilibrium-swelling ratio in β-lactoglobulin (βLg) gels. The swelling ratio is greatly reduced in the presence of salts due to the polyelectrolyte screening effect of the cations. This has been observed in free-swelling βLg gels using gravimetrical analysis and in the uniaxial swelling of WPC gel deposits using fluid dynamic gauging. At high dissolution pH (>13.3), the high Na⁺ concentration reduces swelling in spite of the high surface charge of the protein. It is proposed that the reduction of the free volume inside the gel impedes the transport of the protein aggregates out of the NaOH penetration zone. We have also observed that the final dissolution rate of gels pre-soaked in 1 M NaOH or NaCl is similar, despite the difference in pH, and much lower than for untreated gels: the high Na⁺ concentration in the soaked gels hinders swelling, inhibiting the disentanglement of the protein clusters regardless of the high pH.     

Preparation and electrochemical characterization of the alkaline polymer gel electrolyte polymerized from acrylic acid and KOH solution

An alkaline polymer gel electrolyte (PGE) film was prepared by solution polymerization of acrylate-KOH-H₂O at room temperature, and the preparation conditions were optimized in view of the mechanical properties and ionic conductivity of the film. The PGE film with the optimized composition of 0.02% K₂S₂O₈, 16.75% acrylic acid and 83.23 wt.% 4 mol l⁻¹ KOH solution is transparent, rubber-like and dimensionally stable with improved mechanical properties as compared with gelled electrolyte. The specific conductivity of the film is 0.288 s cm⁻¹ at room temperature and the conductivity values follow the Arrhenius equation with the activation energy of ∼10 kJ mol⁻¹. These data suggest that the ionic conduction proceeds in the same mechanism as in aqueous alkaline solution. Experimental results from the laboratory Zn/Air, Zn/MnO₂ and Ni/Cd cells using the PGE film as electrolyte demonstrate that the PGE film has almost the same chemical and electrochemical stability as aqueous alkaline solution, and shows good performance characteristics for application of alkaline primary and secondary battery systems.     

Release of Ciprofloxacin from Chondroitin 6-Sulfate-Graft-Poloxamer Hydrogel In Vitro for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery

The system was designed to use Poloxamer as a vehicle for ophthalmic drug delivery using in situ gel formation property. To enhance the wound healing and cell adhesion as well as transparency of Poloxamer hydrogel, chondroitin 6-sulfate (C6S) was introduced into Poloxamer. For this purpose, mono amine-terminated Poloxamer (MATP), which was end-capped with ethylene amine group only in one side of terminal hydroxyl groups of Poloxamer, was synthesized. Subsequently, C6S-graft-Poloxamer copolymer (C6S-g-Poloxamer) was prepared by reaction between the amine groups of MATP and carboxyl groups of C6S in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carboimide (EDC). The coupling of MATP with C6S was clarified by ¹H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. The gelation temperature of graft copolymers was determined by measuring the temperature at which immobility of the meniscus in each solution was first noted. Release behavior of ciprofloxacin from C6S-g-Poloxamer hydrogel in vitro was investigated as a function of C6S content in the graft copolymer by a spectrophotometric assay at 287 nm using an UV spectrophotometer. Differences in the adhesion and morphology of human lens cell between Poloxamer- and C6S-g-Poloxamer-coated surfaces were also investigated. The gelation temperatures of C6S-g-Poloxamer copolymers were lowered with increasing of the concentration of the copolymer and decreasing of C6S content. The release of ciprofloxacin from the graft copolymer was sustained compared with Poloxamer itself and decreased with increasing the content of C6S in the copolymer due to the in situ gel formation of the copolymer and viscous properties of C6S. Human lens cells (B3) adhered to C6S-g-Poloxamer-coated surface were observed as transformed shapes after 2 days. The bioadhesive and thermally gelling of these graft copolymers will be expected to be an excellent drug carrier for the prolonged delivery to surface of the eye.     

微米级大孔径多孔硅珠的研制

采用尿素和甲醛在硅溶胶混溶下聚合形成新相聚合微球，烧掉有机物制成多孔硅珠。研究了对硅珠大小和均匀性的影响因素。主要影响因素是醛脲比、试剂的纯度特别是硅溶胶的纯化、ｐＨ值、温度、反应时间及搅拌情况。提出硅珠位径在５一１０μｍ、孔在在３０一１００ｎｍ之间或大于以上硅珠规格的制备工艺。这种硅珠可作为生物高分子及合成高分子的分离、分析的ＨＰＬＣ方法的载体。     

微波烧结法制备Ba0.65Sr0.35TiO3热释电陶瓷

采用溶胶－凝胶工艺制备了（Ba,Sr)TiO3凝胶，并利用微波烧结技术对粉体进行了合成和烧结，获得了晶粒尺寸在1μm以内的Ba0.65Sr0.35TiO3热释电陶瓷。对样品的介电特性和热释电特性进行了测试，分析了微波烧结工艺对材料电性能的影响。实验结果表明：该工艺可将钙钛矿相的合成温度由1100℃降低至900℃，并在1310℃烧结25min获得细晶粒的Ba0.65Sr0.35TiO3，其热释电系数和介电常数与传统陶瓷相差不大，从而材料的热释电响应优值因子要比传统方法获得的样品提高了近1倍。     

Asphalt colloidal types differentiated by Korcak distribution

Asphalt in a colloidal context can be considered as a sol, sol-gel or gel type where in all three cases the asphaltene particle plays an important role. Usually the three colloidal types can be differentiated by refinery processes or by rheological properties. The aggregation or clustering of the asphaltene particles (or micelles) from sol to sol-gel and finally to the gel state with a fixed lattice can follow the stochastic process of fractal Brownian motion which can fit a hyperbolic (or Korcak) distribution. A test was carried out using the same mass of various asphalts of different colloidal types for floc formation with a series of n-alkanes (dispersion media) of increasing characteristic lengths. Results from floc formation studies indicate that the value of the size distribution for the gel type is small, is higher for the sol-gel type, and is highest for the sol type. On the other hand, the surface irregularities for all three types of asphalt do not have any correlation. These observed facts are consistent with principles based on the fractal approach.     

短时间内系统多角度设计研制催化剂的设想

综述了新催化剂的研究现状及发展方向 .组合化学概念在催化研究领域中的引入 ,导致了新催化剂研制的技术革命 .通过对乙苯氧化脱氢模型反应分析 ,采用溶胶 -凝胶法 ,提出了在短时间内系统多角度设计研制催化剂的设想     

珠状交联烯丙基葡聚糖凝胶的合成

通过改变分散剂的种类和用量，引发剂的用量及聚合反应时间等实验条件，在能获得轴向流型的聚合反应釜中，烯丙基葡聚糖与Ｎ，Ｎ‘－亚甲基双丙烯酰胺可以悬浮聚合，形成分布较窄的珠状亲水层析凝胶。     

Effects of gelatine type and concentration on the shelf-life stability and quality of marshmallows

The effects of gelatine concentration, bloom strength, and origin on the quality and shelf-life stability of marshmallows were studied. All six sample treatments were carried out under accelerated storage conditions of 25 °C and 75% relative humidity (RH) for 25 weeks. Gelatine A 150 bloom had the highest viscosity because of its highest concentration (2.54%), lowest density and greatest amount of moisture loss producing the hardest marshmallows. Hardness and water activity measurements correlate for all sample treatments indicating that moisture loss is the main mechanism for hardening. With the exception of Gelatine B 2.2%, sugar crystallisation may have occurred in all sample treatments at week 20 which would have an impact on hardness as well. Gel network formation may be contributing towards hardness in Gelatine B 2.2% as there was an increase in hardness but no changes were perceived in water activity.