明胶应用性能的研究

文章综述了皮革废弃物明胶的一系列优异物性,如胶体保护性、成膜性、表面活性、凝胶态和溶胶态的可逆转变性、两性聚电解质特性、侧基的高化学反应活性等。及其在感光工业、食品、医药、化妆品、纺织、造纸、防腐抗蚀、化工等行业应用的情况以及所产生的技术经济效益,并对其应用前景作了展望。     

Electrospray modeling of highly viscous and non‐Newtonian liquids

The electrohydrodynamic spraying of highly viscous and non‐Newtonian aqueous solutions of sodium alginate were experimentally modeled with high direct‐current electric fields. A prototype electrospray setup comprising a nozzle connected to a high‐voltage counter electrode connected to earth and a curing facility to solidify the droplets was used. The main aim was initially set to extend the knowledge of the electrospray to highly viscous liquids, where shear thinning was the main rheological feature of fluid flow through the nozzle of the spray system. To model the process, the effects on the size of beads of the electric field strength, nozzle diameter, flow rate, and the material properties of density, viscosity, surface tension, and electrical conductivity were characterized. The size distribution of the beads was obtained after the droplets were cured in a calcium chloride solution with an image analyzer system. The rheological study, carried out on different concentrations of alginate solution (i.e., 1–3 w/v %), showed a significant reduction in the viscosity as a function of the shear rate. Considering the shear‐thinning behavior of the solutions, in the modeling we applied the viscosity at the operational shear rate in the nozzle. Four dimensionless groups were introduced to obtain the relationship between the dimensionless group representing diameter and the other groups in the dripping and jet modes with statistical analysis of the experimental data. The proposed equations correlated the size of beads within ±10% deviations as compared to the experimental results. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Determination of Gel Point of Epoxy Thermosets via Electric Resistance Measurements

A new, nickel‐coated graphite resistance‐change‐based method for gel‐point determination for epoxy‐based thermoset resins is presented and compared with DSC and rheological methods. Gelation times determined by this new method are in very good agreement with conventional techniques; this new method is potentially simpler and less time consuming than existing ones.

     

晚香玉香精壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及表征

以三聚磷酸钠(TPP)为交联剂,通过离子凝胶法制备晚香玉香精壳聚糖纳米粒。研究了壳聚糖质量浓度、香精质量浓度、乳化剂与香精的质量比及反应时间对晚香玉香精壳聚糖纳米粒粒径的影响,并采用动态激光光散射仪(DLS)、透射电镜(TEM)、红外光谱仪(IR)及热重分析仪(TGA)对其结构及性能进行了表征。结果表明,当壳聚糖质量浓度为1.71 g/L、香精质量浓度为1.72 g/L、m(乳化剂)∶m(香精)=1∶2、反应时间为1 h时,制备的晚香玉香精壳聚糖纳米粒平均粒径为138 nm,粒径分布系数为0.100,香精装载量达28.4%,能减缓高温下香精的释放速率。     

大豆蛋白质的构造和功能特性(上)

介绍了大豆蛋白质的组成，氨基酸成分、分子结构、溶解性，着重分析了大豆蛋白的食品功能特性中的乳化性，起泡性、水化性和胶凝性，及其相关关系和与组成结构的关系。     

结冷胶的成胶特性及应用研究进展

本文综述了结冷胶的凝胶特性，凝胶机制和流变学特性，对结冷胶的凝胶原理、显微结构也进行了阐述。并介绍了结冷胶复配体系的特点及其应用前景。     

3种淀粉对鸡肉糜盐溶蛋白特性影响及其配方研究

为获得鸡肉蛋白较好的凝胶特性,从而改善其肉糜的加工品质,探讨玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和磷酸酯淀粉3种常用淀粉与鸡肉盐溶蛋白相互作用对鸡肉糜加工基本特性的影响。以盐溶蛋白析出质量浓度、活性自由巯基含量和相对疏水性为指标,分别研究单因素条件下3种淀粉对鸡肉盐溶蛋白特性的影响,并通过二次通用旋转试验筛选出在5%淀粉添加总量条件下3种淀粉在鸡肉糜中的最佳组合配方。单因素试验表明:所选3种淀粉均对鸡肉盐溶蛋白特性有着复杂影响。3种淀粉最佳配方为:玉米淀粉1.6%、马铃薯1.6%、磷酸酯淀粉1.8%,此时鸡肉糜中盐溶蛋白基本特性参量指标预计为:盐溶蛋白质量浓度24.3mg/mL,活性自由巯基含量0.004μmol/mg,相对疏水性值22.86。     

How micro-phase separation alters the heating rate effects on globular protein gelation

This study was conducted to determine how the combination of heating rate and pH can be used to alter viscoelastic properties and microstructure of egg white protein and whey protein isolate gels. Protein solutions (1% to 7% w/v protein, pH 3.0 to 8.5) were heated using a range of heating rates (0.2 to 60 °C/min) to achieve a final temperature of 80 °C. The gelation process and viscoelastic properties of formed gels were evaluated using small strain rheology. Single phase or micro-phase separated solution conditions were determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In the single phase region, gels prepared by the faster heating rates had the lowest rigidity at 80 °C; however, a common G' was achieved after holding for 4 h at 80 °C . On the other hand, under micro-phase separation conditions, faster heating rates allowed phase separated particles to be frozen in the network prior to precipitation. Thus, gels produced by slower heating rates had lower rigidities than gels produced by faster heating rates. The effect of heating rate appears to depend on if the solution is under single phase or micro-phase separated conditions. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The effect of heating rate and/or time on protein gel firmness can be explained based on protein charge. When proteins have a high net negative charge and form soluble aggregates, there is no heating rate effect and gels with equal firmness will be formed if given enough time. In contrast, when electrostatic repulsion is low, there is a competition between protein precipitation and gel formation; thus, a faster heating rate produces a firmer gel.     

加热模式对添加葡萄糖氧化酶鲢鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

研究两段法加热模式对添加葡萄糖氧化酶鲢鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明,在凝胶化阶段,高温短时（40 ℃、1 h）模式下,鱼糜凝胶强度、持水性、白度和不易流动水含量最高,且自由水含量最低,凝胶网络结构最致密;十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）图谱显示,在高温短时（40 ℃、1 h）模式下,肌球蛋白重链（myosin heavy china,MHC）条带强度降低,说明此时蛋白降解较多。在熟化阶段时,微波加热鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度、持水性和白度最高,三氯乙酸-溶解肽含量、自由水含量和孔隙当量直径最小,形成了有序致密的三维网络结构;SDS-PAGE图谱显示,相比水浴加热,微波加热下MHC条带强度更高,说明微波加热促进了二硫键的形成。因此,适宜的加热模式能改善鱼糜凝胶的品质。     

MgCl2-谷氨酰胺转氨酶协同诱导糖基化大豆分离蛋白凝胶的工艺优化及其微胶囊的制备与性能评价

摘 要：目的 以MgCl2和谷氨酰胺转氨酶(transglutaminase,TG酶)为双交联剂协同诱导麦芽糊精糖基化大豆分离蛋白(maltodextrin glycosylated soybean isolate,MGSI)制备复合凝胶,并以MGSI的凝胶颗粒为壁材,藻油为芯材,制备富含二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)的藻油微胶囊。方法 通过单因素试验探究MGSI质量分数、MgCl2浓度、pH和凝胶交联温度对复合凝胶硬度的影响并采用正交试验对凝胶的制备条件进行优化,以优化后的凝胶颗粒为壁材制备藻油微胶囊,进行耐热性、溶胀性、贮存保留率以及体外缓释性等微胶囊性能评价。结果 MgCl2-TG酶诱导制备凝胶的工艺参数为MgCl2浓度0.1 mol/L、pH为7.5、MGSI质量分数10%、凝胶交联温度为40℃。制得的MgCl2-TG酶诱导MGSI微胶囊(MgCl2-TGase induced MGSI microencapsulation,MTG微胶囊)壁材结构紧密,具有良好的溶胀性和较低的侵蚀率,耐热性良好,贮存后DHA、EPA保留率分别达到72%和69%,起到了良好的保护作用,能较好地实现肠道的靶向释放。结论 本研究将糖基化和凝胶化结合,为制备耐热性及溶胀性良好的藻油微胶囊提供理论依据和数据支持。