人参须根粉直接制备人参皂苷Rg5的工艺研究

以人参须根粉为原料,盐酸为催化剂,水饱和正丁醇溶液为提取溶剂,研究常压下加热回流直接提取人参须根粉中的人参皂苷Rg5,通过单因素实验和正交实验优化人参皂苷Rg5的提取工艺,同时进行精密度实验、稳定性实验、重复性实验和加样回收率实验,采用高效液相色谱法对人参须根粉提取物中的人参皂苷Rg5进行定量分析。结果表明,当固液比为1∶20 g/mL,酸浓度为0.06mol/L,于70℃提取5 h,人参皂苷Rg5的得率为2.48%。人参皂苷Rg5在48 h内表现出良好的稳定性,加样回收率在99.32%~103.70%之间,RSD为1.33%。该方法较大地提高了人参皂苷Rg5得率、缩短了提取时间,操作简单、重现性好。     

Microencapsulation of ginsenosides using polymerised whey protein (PWP) as wall material and its application in probiotic fermented milk

Ginsenosides was microencapsulated using heat‐induced polymerised whey protein as wall material. The entrapment yield was 95.46 ± 1.95% and release rates were about 20% and 100% in gastric and intestine juices, respectively. Microencapsulated ginsenosides (0.03% ginsenosides, w/v) were used for fermented milk formulation. Samples with microencapsulated ginsenosides had much higher acceptability compared with those with ginsenoside extract (P < 0.01). Addition of microencapsulated ginsenosides significantly decreased the syneresis of the sample (P < 0.01). The probiotics remained above 10⁶ CFU mL^?1 during the first 6 weeks, and no significant difference was observed in probiotics population during 10‐week storage for all samples. SEM micrograph revealed that addition of microcapsules did not change the structure of the samples considerably. The polymerised whey protein‐based microencapsulation might be an effective technique to deliver ginsenosides to small intestine through stomach. It also masked bitter taste and improved the colour of the fermented milks containing ginsenosides.     

Stereospecificity of Ginsenoside Rg3 in the Promotion of Cellular Immunity in Hepatoma H22‐Bearing Mice

Previous investigations have demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) has many actions including antitumor, antioxidative, and immunomodulatory effects. However, Rg3 exists as 2 stereoisomeric pairs, 20(S)‐ginsenoside Rg3 [20(S)‐Rg3] and 20(R)‐ginsenoside Rg3 [20(R)‐Rg3], which have disparate pharmacological actions because of their different chemical structures. In this study, the 2 epimers were compared for their effects on the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma H22 transplanted tumors and the immune function of H22‐bearing mice. In vivo efficacy study showed that the growth of H22 transplanted tumors was significantly inhibited when treated with 20(S)‐Rg3 and 20(R)‐Rg3 (P < 0.05), and the inhibition rate of tumor growth was 23.6% and 40.9%, respectively. Furthermore, the cellular immunity of H22‐bearing mice was remarkably enhanced after Rg3 treatment (P < 0.05), which may be due to stimulation of ConA‐induced lymphocyte proliferation and augmentation of Th1‐type cytokines interleukin‐2 and interferon‐γ levels in mice. Interestingly, the effects of 20(R)‐Rg3 were significantly greater than those of the S‐form (P < 0.05). Taken together, these results indicate that Rg3 inhibits H22 tumor growth in vivo at least partly by improving the host's cellular immunity in a stereospecific manner, and 20(R)‐Rg3 is more potent for treating cancers or other immune‐mediated diseases clinically.     

人参皂苷CK对2型糖尿病大鼠肝损伤的保护机制

目的：探究人参皂苷CK对2型糖尿病（T2DM）大鼠肝损伤的保护机制。方法：本试验通过建立T2DM大鼠模型,记录大鼠空腹血糖值（FBG）,灌胃8周后进行口服糖耐量（OGTT）测试,检测血清中相关指标,肝组织匀浆中相关指标以及四种炎性因子的水平,苏木精-伊红（HE）染色法检测肝组织病变情况,Western Blot法检测TLR/Myd88/NF-κB信号通路蛋白的表达。结果：人参皂苷CK组能够显著的降低T2DM大鼠的FBG水平（P<0.05）,恢复其糖耐量水平,显著提高总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）水平（P<0.05）,显著降低高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）,丙二醛（MDA）,四种炎性因子以及Toll样受体4（TLR4）、髓样分化因子（Myd88）、细胞核因子（p65）和大鼠核因子κB抑制蛋白α（p-IκB-α）蛋白的表达水平（P<0.05）,恢复肝组织形态结构。结论：人参皂苷CK能够通过降低炎症以及氧化应激反应从而保护T2DM大鼠的肝损伤情况,并调控TLR/Myd88/NF-κB信号通路。     

人参果浆中人参皂苷Re的提取和生物转化

为了充分利用人参资源,本文以加工厂废弃的人参果浆为原料,分析人参果浆中的皂苷含量和组成,并从中提取人参皂苷Re,以人参皂苷Re为底物,采用人参自身酶为催化剂,生物转化得到人参皂苷Rg2组。结果表明,人参加工厂废弃果浆的干品中,皂苷含量为6.21%(W/W),其中人参皂苷Re的含量为55.1%(W/W)。从果浆的干品中提取纯化得到了人参皂苷Re,得率为2.4%(W/W)。人参皂苷Re生物转化制备得到人参皂苷Rg2组,得率为65%(W/W)。经高效液相色谱(HPLC)及超高效液相-四级杆飞行时间串联质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)分析得出,人参皂苷Rg2组由20(S)-Rg2、20(R)-Rg2、Rg4和Rg6组成,本论文为人参加工厂废弃果浆的综合利用提供了理论依据。     

人参皂苷活性对冠心病作用的研究进展

冠心病的发病率和病死率占心血管疾病的首位,严重危害着人类健康.人参是我国和东南亚地区应用历史悠久的药食两用养生珍品,具有提高机体免疫力、缓解疲劳、抗衰老等功效.近年来,国内外学者对人参皂苷的主要化学成分、药理效应及在冠心病方面的临床应用进行了大量研究.本文主要综述了人参主要的活性成分,人参皂苷的分类及毒性,人参活性成分...     

小檗碱和人参皂苷Rb1合用对脂肪细胞炎症因子表达和炎症信号通路的影响

将诱导分化成熟的3T3-L1脂肪细胞分别在基础状态和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)作用下给予小檗碱、人参皂苷Rb1、小檗碱和人参皂苷Rb1合用处理后,以罗格列酮为阳性对照,观察药物对脂肪细胞炎症因子表达和炎症信号通路的作用。结果表明,无论在基础状态下还是在TNF-α作用下,小檗碱对脂肪炎症因子的表达和炎症信号通路均具有明显的抑制作用;而人参皂苷Rb1的作用则不明显;两者合用后并未显示出协同或增效作用。     

Reduction of Hepatitis A Virus on FRhK‐4 Cells Treated with Korean Red Ginseng Extract and Ginsenosides

Red ginseng has a variety of bioactive functions and is widely used as an oriental medicinal herb and food ingredient. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiviral effect of red ginseng extract and ginsenosides against hepatitis A virus (HAV). To examine the antiviral effect against HAV, 0 to 10 μg/mL of red ginseng and purified ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 were pre‐treated or co‐treated on FRhK‐4 cells. The HAV titer decreased significantly in all groups pretreated with red ginseng or purified ginsenosides. The reduction of HAV was significant in FRhK‐4 cells pre‐treated only with red ginseng. Our results showed that red ginseng and ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 could decrease HAV titers.     

人参皂苷F2干预NF-κB通路抑制H2O2诱导的细胞凋亡

本研究通过测定人参皂苷F2对凋亡细胞乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）释放率和线粒体膜电位的影响,运用qRT-PCR和Western blot检测F2对NF-κB凋亡信号通路中p65蛋白的影响。发现H2O2损伤细胞的LDH释放率较对照组的有明显提高42.72%;线粒体膜电位下降,损伤组的相对荧光值较对照组降低44.03%;NF-κB p65的蛋白和mRNA表达量分别为122.73%、1.66,明显高于对照组（p<0.05）。1.25、5、20 μmol/L F2预处理损伤细胞后,LDH释放率较损伤组显著降低（p<0.05）,分别降至82.71%、75.69%、69.61%;线粒体膜电位较损伤组显著提高,不同浓度F2的相对荧光值分别为：60.22%、62.76%、70.96%,（p<0.05）;随着F2浓度的升高,NF-κB通路中p65的蛋白表达分别下降到79.49%、71.92%、58.39%,（p<0.05）,mRNA表达下调至1.30、1.18、1.01,（p<0.05）。结果表明,人参皂苷F2能通过降低凋亡细胞的LDH释放率、升高线粒体膜电位、抑制NF-κB信号通路激活发挥抗凋亡作用,为人参皂苷抗氧化应激诱导的细胞凋亡提供实验依据。     

把人参二醇类皂苷转化为Rg3的特种人参皂苷糖苷酶生成的细菌筛选

采用TLC、HPLC等酶活力检测方法对Arthrobacter sp．3、Rhodanobacter sp．14、Rhodopseudomonas sp．18和Enterobacter sp．20菌进行了菌种筛选。其中Arthrobacter sp．3、Rhodopseudomonas sp.18和Enterobncter sp．20菌发酵生成把人参二醇类皂苷PPD转化为Rg3、Rh2和苷元的特殊人参皂苷糖苷酶，Arthrobacter sp．3菌发酵产酶速度相对快一些。Rhodanobacter sp．14发酵主要生成能把人参二醇类皂苷PPD转化为Rd的人参皂苷糖苷酶。Rhodanobacter sp．14发酵生成的人参皂苷糖苷酶对丙酮抗性较好，Arthrobacter sp．3、Rhodopseudomonas sp．18和Enterobacter sp．20菌所生成的人参皂苷糖苷酶对丙酮抗性略差。综合各因素，选取Arthrobacter sp．3为目标菌种。