生物柴油生产及其副产物甘油的有效利用

甘油是生产生物柴油的主要副产品,随着世界范围内生物柴油需求量和生产量的迅猛增长,甘油的有效利用也成为紧迫课题。对生物柴油的生产及利用,生物柴油副产物甘油生产高附加值的新产品和新途径进行了介绍,以期充分利用天然再生资源。     

产甘油假丝酵母在丙三醇发酵过程中的有机酸种类及其变化

HPLC分析研究了产甘油假丝酵母 (Candidaglycerolgenesis)发酵过程中有机酸的种类和含量变化 .C .glycerolgenesis主要在菌体生长期产生有机酸 ,使发酵液总酸增加 .确定了发酵过程形成的有机酸含有乙酸、乳酸、丙酮酸、酮戊二酸、苹果酸等 .建立了HPLC测定有机酸的方法 .分析发现 :有机酸中乙酸质量浓度最高约为 1.6 g/L .随着发酵时间的延长 ,发酵液总酸含量逐渐下降 ,而乙酸和α -酮戊二酸在发酵后期有所回升 .     

Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of amino acid-based surfactants

The application of lipases to the synthesis of amino acid-based surfactants was investigated. Low yields (2–9%) were obtained in the acylation of free amino acids, such as l-serine and l-lysine, as well as their ethyl esters and amides with fatty acids, owing in part to low miscibility of the reactants. When the N-carbobenzyloxy (Cbz)-l-amino acids were used in an effort to improve miscibility of the amino acid derivatives with the acyl donor, a dramatic improvement was observed for N-Cbz-l-serine (92% yield) but not for N _α-Cbz- or N _ζ-Cbz-l-lysine (7 and 2% yield, respectively). As an alternative, and efficient synthesis of N _ζ-acyl-l-lysines was developed, based on the regiospecific chemical acylation of copper(II) lysinate. In pursuit of a general route to amino acid-fatty acid surfactants, the utility of a polyol linker was investigated. Thus, the glycerol ester of N _α′ N _ζ-di-Cbz-l-lysine was prepared and evaluated as a substrate for acylation. As expected, this and other glycer-1-yl esters of N-protected amino acids were excellent substrates for lipase-catalyzed acylation. Their reaction with myristic acid in the presence of Novozyme resulted in the regioselective acylation of the primary hydroxyl group of the glycerol moiety to afford the corresponding 1-O-(N-Cbz-l-aminoacyl)-3-O-myris-toylglycerols with conversions of 50–90%. These were readily deprotected to give a range of 1-O-(aminoacyl)-3-O-myristoyl-glycerols with overall yields of 27–71%.     

Capillary supercritical fluid chromatographic analysis of shark liver oils

The liver oils of six different shark species have been analyzed by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The liver oils were from the species Pseudotriakis microdon (False catshark), Centroscymnus coelepsis (Portuguese dogfish), Centrophorus squanosus (Leafscalp gulper shark), Deanea calceus (Birdbeak dogfish), Etmopterus princips (Greater lantern shark), and Centroscymnus crepidater (Longnose velvet dogfish). The method was capable of direct quantitation of squalene and cholesterol, while quantitation of triacylglycerols, cholesterol esters, and diacylglycerol ethers required thin-layer chromatographic fractionation prior to SFC analysis. The iodine values of the liver oil samples gave a linear correlation when plotted against the squalene content found by SFC. The variation of squalene content within one shark species is large, and there are large differences in squalene content from species to species. The squalene contents varied between 0.22 and 82.54 wt%. The identity of the glycerol ethers was investigated by SFC of the unsaponifiable matter. The major glycerol ethers contained chimyl, batyl, and selachyl alcohol.     

离子交换树脂吸附法分离乙醇溶液中甘油的研究

通过实验探讨了离子交换树脂对乙醇溶液中甘油的吸附作用。实验结果表明,凝胶型树脂对甘油的静态吸附容量大于大孔型树脂,且一般随温度降低而增大;在所试验的几种树脂中,２０１×４（ＯＨ型）具有较大的动态吸附容量（３３．７ｍｇ甘油／ｍｌ湿树脂）。     

浇注型聚氨酯弹性体合成工艺试验

以聚醚多元醇3010,甲苯二异氰酸酯,1,4-丁二醇和催化剂为原料,采用一步法来制备浇注型聚氨酯弹性体.研究了工艺条件(不同固化温度、固化时间和初始反应温度)以及浇注成型产生的缺陷对聚氨酯弹性体力学性能的影响.结果表明:采用固化温度为140℃,固化时间为4 h和初始反应温度为50～60℃的合成工艺条件时,聚氨酯弹性体的综合性能达到最佳,并且能够解决浇注成型时所产生的缺陷,可使产品的综合性能得以提高.     

生物转化生产二羟基丙酮的研究进展

介绍了二羟基丙酮的用途及生物转化甘油生产二羟基丙酮的代谢途径和机理,综述了近年来国外生物转化生产二羟基丙酮的进展,并对二羟基丙酮的应用前景进行了展望.     

HPLC-ELSD法测定低聚甘油的组成

建立了高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测器(HPLC-ELSD)测定低聚甘油组成的方法。以Econosphere Amino(250×4.6 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,乙腈-水(85∶15,V/V)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为28℃,进样量为30μL,ELSD漂移管温度为32℃,载气流速为1.5 L/min。结果表明,在优化条件下,甘油、二聚甘油和三聚甘油浓度分别在100～300μg/mL、100～400μg/mL和200～600μg/mL范围内呈良好线性,相关系数分别为0.9979、0.9921和0.9969,定量下限分别为1.5、1.0和2.0μg,回收率为97%～103%,RSD<3.0%(n=6)。     

以生物甘油为原料制备环氧氯丙烷的研究

以生物甘油为原料,经氯化反应和环化反应制备了环氧氯丙烷。首先以生物甘油为原料、以氯化氢气体为氯化剂、以己二酸为催化剂,采用无水Na2SO4除水4次,制得二氯丙醇（DCP）,氯化收率达90.09%;再以二氯丙醇和氢氧化钠反应制得环氧氯丙烷,通过单因素实验,得到环化反应的最佳工艺条件为：反应时间30min、氢氧化钠与二氯丙醇摩尔比1.15∶1、反应温度95℃,在此条件下的环化收率为88.2%。