Effects of additional milk replacer feeding on calf health, growth, and selected blood metabolites in calves

The objective of the experiment was to evaluate effects of increased milk replacer feeding on growth, intake, feed efficiency, and health parameters in stressed calves. Holstein bull calves (n = 120; approximately 3 to 8 d of age) were purchased from sale barns and dairy farms and housed in fiberglass hutches. In addition, wood shavings contaminated with coronavirus were mixed with clean shavings and added to each hutch before the start of the experiment. Calves were fed either a fixed amount (454 g/d) of a 20% crude protein (CP), 20% fat milk replacer to weaning at 28 d or a variable amount (454, 681, 908, and 454 g/d on d 0 to 7, 8 to 14, 15 to 31, and 32 to 41, respectively) of a milk replacer containing 28% CP and 17% fat without or with added dietary supplement containing bovine serum. Calves were also fed commercial calf starter and water ad libitum. Plasma IgG concentration in most calves on arrival at the facility was < 10 g/L. Intake, change in body weight, feed efficiency, morbidity and mortality, and selected plasma metabolites were determined. Body weight at 28 d, 56 d, daily body weight gain, intake of milk replacer, fecal scores, days with diarrhea, and days treated with antibiotics were increased with feeding variable amount of milk replacer over the 56-d study. Starter intake from d 1 to 56 was reduced from 919 to 717 g/d in calves fed fixed and variable amounts of milk replacer, respectively. Morbidity, measured as the number of days that calves had diarrhea, was increased by 53% when a variable amount of milk replacer was fed. Calves fed variable milk replacer were treated with antibiotics for 3.1 d compared with 1.9 d for calves fed 454 g of milk replacer/d. Concentrations of plasma glucose, urea N, and insulin-like growth factor-I were increased when calves were fed variable amount of milk replacer. Dietary supplement containing bovine serum had no effect on any parameter measured. There was no effect of milk replacer feeding on concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, total protein, or growth hormone concentrations. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-α was highest in calves with the highest plasma IgG concentrations on the day of arrival and might be related to the calf's ability to identify pathogens in the environment. Under conditions of this study, calves fed variable amount of milk replacer and exposed to immunological challenge before weaning had greater BW gain, but also increased incidence of diarrhea that required added veterinary treatments.     

随机扩增多态性法分析西藏牦牛奶酪中乳酸菌的遗传多样性

目的：利用随机扩增多态性（randomly amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD）法对西藏地区牦牛奶酪中27 株乳酸菌基因型进行同源性分析。方法：利用5 个随机引物对Mg2+浓度、dNTP用量、退火温度、模版用量/引物用量（ng/pmol）4 个条件做单因素梯度试验,建立最佳反应条件,筛选最佳引物,然后对27 株乳酸菌和4 株乳酸菌标准菌株进行随机扩增,用NTsys 2.10e软件对扩增条带进行聚类和遗传相似性系数分析,分析结果与16S rRNA测序得到的菌种鉴定结果进行对比。结果：31 株菌遗传相似系数在0.72～1.00之间,当相似性系数在0.82时,菌株被分成了8 组,菌株按照不同种属聚类,聚类结果同16S rRNA测序结果基本一致,同时成功将Lactobacillus casei和Lactobacillus paracasei两个亚种区分开。结论：RAPD技术可以较好地应用于西藏地区牦牛奶酪中乳酸菌亲缘性关系分析。     

腐竹护色工艺的机理研究

通过研究腐竹制作全工艺过程中色泽变化的机理,从而找到腐竹护色的最佳工艺条件。研究表明:在保温挑皮过程的前2/3时间段内豆浆的浓度5.0%、pH 7.0、温度控制在85~90℃,到了最后的1/3时间段内豆浆温度降至80~85℃,并且加入亚硫酸氢钠(重量比为NaHSO3∶干豆=1∶30)的条件下形成的腐竹色泽最好,出品率高。     

人乳与牛乳N-链寡糖组对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的:探究人乳N-链寡糖组(human milk N-glycome,HMN)与牛乳N-链寡糖组(bovine milk N-glycome,BMN)对小鼠肠道菌群的影响.方法:以C57BL/6J雄性小鼠为对象,首先在体外测定粪便菌群中与N-链寡糖相关的糖苷酶活性,并模拟粪便菌群对HMN与BMN的利用;然后将小鼠随机分...     

用SDS滴定奶粉中蛋白质的实验研究

目的:研究用十二烷基硫酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS)快速测定奶粉中蛋白质含量的实验条件。方法:一定量的奶粉用蒸馏水溶解后,在一定介质中用0.1000%的SDS溶液滴定,当被滴定溶液析出凝乳状的白色沉淀时,即为终点。研究了温度、pH值及奶粉中淀粉、蔗糖含量对测定的影响,确定了SDS溶液的滴定量与蛋白质含量的关系。结果:用该方法对同一奶粉测定8次,RSD=0.53%,用本法和凯氏定氮法对8份不同奶粉中的蛋白质含量测定,结果无显著性差异(p>0.05)。结论:该方法简便、准确、可靠,适合于奶粉中蛋白质的快速检测,检验一个样品仅仅用4min。     

发酵银耳豆奶的研究

该文论述了以豆浆为原料 ,经过银耳菌丝体摇瓶发酵 ,在豆浆中产生大量的菌丝体 ,然后再配以其他原料加工成风味独特的发酵银耳豆奶。     

复方SOD奶粉的研究

介绍了复方SOD奶粉的配方成分、设计依据、工艺流程，同时进行了该配方的动物喂养试验，即①小鼠急性毒性试验；②果蝇生存试验；③抗氧化功能试验；④免疫调节作用试验；并对其抗衰老、提高机体免疫力的功能特性进行了讨论。结果表明，复方SOD奶粉除了适合大多数人群外，尤其适合中老年人与脑力、体力疲劳过度者。     

Fermentation characteristics and transit tolerance of Lactobacillus casei Zhang in reconstituted mare milk during storage

The fermentation characteristics of Lactobacillus casei Zhang in mare milk and transit tolerance during refrigerated storage for 28 days were evaluated. There were no dramatic changes in the viable counts of L. casei Zhang in the fermented mare milk samples during storage at various inoculation levels. L. casei Zhang showed good tolerance to the simulated transit juice and maintained high viability in mare milk (above 10⁸cfu/g) during storage. Our results showed that L. casei Zhang had good probiotic properties, and suggest that mare milk could serve as the vehicle for the delivery of L. casei Zhang.     

不同蛋白酶对无糖豆奶粉溶解性的影响

通过在无糖豆奶粉生产过程中添加合适的蛋白酶，采用不同加酶量来控制水解度，研究了Neutrase中性蛋白酶、AS1.398中性蛋白酶和Alcalase碱性蛋白酶对无糖豆奶粉溶解性的影响。结果表明，Neutrase中性蛋白酶在实验添加量范围内，对提高无糖豆奶粉溶解性较AS1.398中性蛋白酶和Alcalase碱性蛋白酶显著；当Neutrase中性蛋白酶加酶量([E]／[S])为0.40％时，豆奶粉蛋白质溶解度指数(PSI)和固形物溶解度指数(DSI)较好，此时豆奶粉中蛋白质的水解度(DH)为4.44％。     

嗜酸乳杆菌发酵大豆酸凝乳的研究

本文研究了嗜酸乳杆菌在豆乳中的生长情况,考察了温度、接种量、木瓜汁添加、嗜酸乳杆菌与植物乳杆菌复配比例对发酵的影响,最后根据发酵豆乳的感官指标,确定了嗜酸乳杆菌发酵豆乳的最佳工艺。结果表明,发酵温度为39℃、接种量为6%、木瓜汁添加量为10%、嗜酸乳杆菌与植物乳杆菌配比为1:2是制作木瓜发酵豆乳的最佳工艺条件。产品中嗜酸乳杆菌的活菌数达到3.0×109CFU/mL,且产品口感良好。