响应曲面法优化羊乳牛乳混合干酪出品率

采用响应曲面法建立了半硬质羊乳牛乳混合干酪出品率的二次多项数学模型,验证了模型的有效性,并考察凝乳酶添加量、酸化值和CaCl2添加量对混合干酪出品率的影响,优化出混合干酪出品率的工艺参数为凝乳酶添加量3747.25SU,酸化值5.99,CaCl2添加量0.04%,并且干酪的品质较好。     

Effects of cyclodextrins on the flavor of goat milk and its yogurt

Goat milk fat includes several branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs), like 4-methyloctanoic acid, which when free, are responsible for goaty flavor. This flavor limits the market opportunities for goat milk. Prior research showed that cyclodextrins (CDs) can reduce goaty flavor, presumably by binding free fatty acids. This research extends that observation. In odor ranking trials in citrate buffer at pH 4.8, β-CD concentrations between 0% and 0.35% were increasingly effective in reducing odor intensity due to 4-methyloctanoic acid, but only when present in high molar excess. α-CD was also effective, but γ-CD was not. In lipase-treated goat milk only β-CD was effective but at much lower molar excess, a difference potentially explained by several factors. One was that BCFAs bind to CDs in marked preference to their straight chain isomers. Displacement experiments with phenolphthalein disproved that hypothesis. The ability of β-CD to reduce goaty flavor intensity extended to yogurt. An analytical panel showed that flavor of goat yogurt was reduced by addition of β-CD, but only if added before heating and fermentation. A hedonic trial showed that consumers preferred unsweetened and sweet/vanilla-flavored goat yogurt more when β-CD was included, P = 0.004 and 0.016, respectively. Males liked all yogurts more than females (P < 0.01), but there was a treatment × gender interaction (P = 0.016) for sweet/vanilla yogurt: sweet/vanilla masked the goaty flavor for males but not females. This results parallels previously demonstrated gender effects for sheepmeat flavor caused by BCFAs. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: β-Cyclodextrin masks goaty flavor in yogurt, and with its GRAS status means it could be used in commercial goat yogurts and similar products so the real or perceived nutritional advantages of goat milk are not lost to goaty flavor.     

甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶对马苏里拉干酪加工特性的影响

为了探究甲醇芽孢杆菌（Bacillus methanolicus）凝乳酶在马苏里拉干酪加工中的应用,分别以使用甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶、混合酶制剂（含质量分数10%甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶和90%商品凝乳酶）制作的马苏里拉干酪作为实验组,以商品凝乳酶干酪作为对照组,测定不同组别干酪成熟期间的蛋白水解特性、质构、风味和微观结构变化,研究甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶对马苏里拉干酪加工特性的影响。结果表明,实验组干酪在成熟过程中pH值（4.6～5.3）、微生物数量（8.80～9.68（lg（CFU/g）））与对照组无显著差异（P＞0.05）;实验组干酪水分质量分数（混合酶干酪为（43.21±1.17）%、甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶干酪为（46.15±0.94）%）均显著高于对照组（（41.08±1.04）%）,得率（混合酶干酪为（9.27±0.17）%、甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶干酪为（9.46±0.16）%）也显著高于对照组（（8.98±0.13）%）（P＜0.05）;且实验组干酪的蛋白水解特性（pH 4.6时可溶性蛋白、酪蛋白水解程度和游离氨基酸质量分数）以及风味物质种类和相对含量等指标也优于对照组干酪。但是实验组中甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶干酪保形性相对欠佳,感官评定得分偏低,混合酶干酪与对照组质构及感官基本得分一致,因此甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶可以作为商品酶的部分代替品应用于干酪的生产中。     

酶解乳蛋白制取乳源肽的研究

用酸性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶对牛乳蛋白进行水解，研究了水解工艺，并通过正交试验对工艺进行了优化。结果为：酸性蛋白酶水解牛乳蛋白的最佳工艺条件是：水解温度50℃，时间120min，pH值3．0，加酶量8．0％；中性蛋白酶水解温度50℃，时间90min，pH值7．0，加酶量1．60％；碱性蛋白酶水解温度60℃，时间105min，pH值9．0，加酶量8．0％。中性蛋白酶水解物苦昧最小，最适宜作食品。     

蒸发器杀菌温度控制的研究

以RNJM02-240型双效降膜式蒸发器为例，探讨了奶粉生产过程中，浓缩段蒸发器杀菌温度保持不住的原因，通过理论计算及实际应用两方面进行分析指出，蒸发器杀菌温度保持不住的主要原因为杀菌器加热温差过大，即各级物料预热面积设计过小：物料比较特殊，即物料性质比较特殊及易挂垢或结焦；实际实用物料与原设计物料参数偏离过大；物料处理量过大，远远超过了设计值：操作不当，即蒸发器在生产过程中，系统参数控制不稳定等都会使杀菌温度保持不住。     

浅析巴氏杀菌奶在中国的发展前景

介绍了巴氏杀菌奶的生产加工工艺,阐述了制约我国巴氏杀菌奶发展的主要因素,通过对国内外乳业巴氏杀菌奶发展形势的对比,说明巴氏杀菌奶在我国有着广阔的发展空间。     

牛奶/大豆蛋白纤维混纺织物的染整工艺

介绍了牛奶／大豆蛋白纤维的特点及染整工艺。小样试验中，测试了强碱、pH值对织物的影响，比较了酶退浆、低碱煮练剂DKB退浆、Na2CO3退浆的退浆效果；探讨了双氧水漂白中温度、H2O2浓度、还原剂漂洗等工艺参数；列举了牛奶／大豆蛋白纤维大样试验的工艺流程和具体工艺参数，包括烧毛、漂白、定形、染色和特种整理（抗皱、柔软）等工序。     

A survey of the occurrence and properties of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus intermedius in water buffalo milk and dairy products in Turkey

Antimicrobial resistance, β‐lactamase activity and mecA gene of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus intermedius isolated from raw water buffalo milk and dairy products in Turkey were determined. All strains showed resistance to at least one antibiotic but none was resistant to vancomycin. Of the 97 S. aureus and 35 S. intermedius strains, 9 (9.2%) and 2 (5.7%) were resistant to oxacillin and harboured mecA gene. β‐lactamase activity of 13.4% and 5.7% of S. aureus and S. intermedius strains was positive, respectively. Overall, 2.5% and 0.55% of the samples were contaminated with methicillin‐resistant S. aureus and S. intermedius, respectively.     

牛奶咖啡饮料的稳定性研究

牛奶咖啡饮料是以咖啡提取液或速溶咖啡粉为主要原料,加入乳粉、白砂糖、稳定剂及其他辅料并经过有效杀菌后制作成的一种中性含乳咖啡饮料,其在货架期内很容易产生脂肪上浮、蛋白絮凝和沉淀,严重影响产品品质。因此,需要筛选添加合适的稳定剂来保证产品的稳定性。本实验利用快速稳定性分析仪LUMiFuge结合目测观察法、粒径分析法、离心沉淀率测定的方法,研究了磷酸盐、乳化剂和增稠剂对牛奶咖啡体系稳定性的影响,确定了最优的稳定剂种类:磷酸盐选取六偏磷酸钠、乳化剂选取羟基化大豆磷脂、增稠剂选取MCC。     

白牦牛乳软质干酪的加工及其质构特性的研究

以甘肃天祝牧区白牦牛乳为原料制作软质干酪。优化了加工白牦牛乳软质干酪的工艺参数,并测定其保藏期前后的理化指标和质构。结果表明,牦牛乳软质干酪在发酵剂添加量2g/100mL,凝乳温度35℃,凝乳pH5.9,CaCl2添加量0.01g/100mL时,品质最佳,出品率为22.5g/100g;保藏30d后的软质干酪与新鲜干酪相比,其非脂物质水分含量(P0.01)、干物质脂肪含量(P0.01)、胶着性(P0.05)、硬度(P0.01)和咀嚼性(P0.01)均有显著变化。