Convective heat transfer enhancement techniques of heat exchanger tubes: a review

Heat exchangers are widely used in almost all industrial activities. Turbulent promoters used in heat exchanger tubes are an effective way of enhancing the performance. This paper summarises various investigations using twisted tapes, wire coil ribs, baffles, and swirl flow generators. The main objective of this paper is to review various studies, in which different obstacle roughness elements are used to enhance the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger tubes. It has been found that a lot of experimental and analytical studies reported in the literature. On the basis of correlations developed by various investigators an attempt has been made to compare the thermal hydraulic performance of obstacles in heat exchanger tubes. In this work, a comparative study is also carried out to select the best obstacle roughness shapes for higher heat transfer rate and low pressure drop losses.     

Interpolymer radical coupling: A toolbox complementary to controlled radical polymerization

The current review focuses on the relevance and practical benefit of interpolymer radical coupling methods. The latter are developing rapidly and constitute a perfectly complementary macromolecular engineering toolbox to the controlled radical polymerization techniques (CRP). Indeed, all structures formed by CRP are likely to be prone to radical coupling reactions, which multiply the available synthetic possibilities. Basically, the coupling systems can be divided in two main categories. The first one, including the atom transfer radical coupling (ATRC), silane radical atom abstraction (SRAA) and cobalt-mediated radical coupling (CMRC), relies on the recombination of macroradicals produced from a dormant species. The second one, including atom transfer nitroxide radical coupling (ATNRC), single electron transfer nitroxide radical coupling (SETNRC), enhanced spin capturing polymerization (ESCP) and nitrone/nitroso mediated radical coupling (NMRC), makes use of a radical scavenger in order to promote the conjugation of the polymer chains. More than a compilation of macromolecular engineering achievements, the present review additionally aims to emphasize the particularities, synthetic potential and present limitations of each system.     

Nanostructured tellurium semiconductor: from nanoparticles to nanorods

Selective fabrication of single crystalline tellurium nanorods of various lengths and spherical nanoparticles can be easily achieved by a simple hydrothermal reduction method. The product was characterised by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques. It was found that when the concentration of orthotelluric acid gradually increased from 4 to 10, 20, 30 and 50?mM with other conditions controlled, the morphology of the tellurium nanocrystals gradually changed from long nanorod to shorter nanorods and eventually became spherical. Based on the experimental results, the morphology control mechanism of tellurium nanocrytals was well reasoned.     

Modelling the combined effects of salt,sorbic acid and nisin on the probability of growth of Clostridium sporogenes in a controlled environment (nutrient broth)

The safe preservation of new generation foods (high moisture, low salt, high pH and shelf stable under ambient conditions) is microbiologically challenging. The growth of Clostridium botulinum in low acid foods is a hazard for consumers. In this study the combined effect of salt (sodium chloride) (0–4% w/v), potassium sorbate (0–4% w/v) and nisin (0–300 ppm) at two different pHs (5.5 and 7) on the probability of growth of Clostridium sporogenes spores, as a non-toxigenic surrogate of C. botulinum, was evaluated in nutrient broth. Nutrient broth was used as it can easily and accurately be adjusted and controlled in terms of composition, and allows more rapid growth than is observed in food. The aims of this study were to develop probability of growth models in which the logit is expressed as a function of the concentrations of the selected preservatives. The developed models fit the data adequately. The c-values models were close to 1, indicating good predictive power. This indicates the performance of models would be satisfactory. The results of this study indicated that salt, potassium sorbate and nisin had significant inhibitory effects on the growth of C. sporogenes in high moisture (>95%) and high pH conditions (pH > 4.5). Combinations of the selected preservatives were more effective than any of them individually. The inhibitory effects of all three preservatives in the current study were pH dependent. Less stringent combinations of preservative concentrations were required experimentally to stop growth at pH 5.5 compared with pH 7.     

The effect of roll-processing orientation on stress corrosion cracking of warm-rolled 304L stainless steel in oxygenated and deoxygenated high temperature pure water

Stress corrosion crack growth rates of 304L stainless steel after one-directionally warm-rolled along the longitudinal (L) direction were measured in oxygenated and deoxygenated pure water at 288 °C. The fracture mode is mainly intergranular in the Transverse-longitudinal (T-L) orientation specimen, while it is occasionally intergranular in the Longitudinal-transverse (L-T) orientation specimen. The crack growth rates in the T-L orientation are higher than those in the L-T orientation in both oxygenated and deoxygenated environments, which is related to the effective cracking growth path as the result of microstructural anisotropy and applied loading direction.     

One-dimensional growth of zinc oxide nanostructures from large micro-particles in a highly rapid synthesis

Large and irregularly-shaped zinc oxide (ZnO) micro-particles commonly found in a high-temperature vapor-phase process known as the catalyst-free combust-oxidized mesh (CFCOM) process, play a crucial role as nucleation hosts for ZnO one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures, especially nanometric wires and rods. Nanowires and nanorods tend to grow from the hillocks of the large micro-particles whereby these hillocks serve as nucleation sites for the acicular structures. Nanowires with aspect ratios exceeding 5 are the most common 1D structures that grow from pillar-like hillocks, while triangular hillocks are probable nucleation hosts for nanorods. The ZnO nanostructures possess a polycrystalline nature with photoluminescent emission in the UV band-edge and visible regimes. A novel and non-destructive electrical resistance measurement method is introduced in that the 1D ZnO nanostructures exhibited very high GΩ resistance that is over five times higher than that of commercial ZnO. A growth model is proposed to offer a probable explanation for the fascinating rapid growth of 1D nanostructures originating from large ZnO micro-particles. The ZnO particles in this work were synthesized using 5-ton industrial furnaces via a university-industry joint effort.     

中国油菜单产增长要素贡献率分析

运用因子分析技术将影响中国油菜单产的众多因素综合为物质费用、劳动力、政策制度和结构与灾害四大因素,并利用Cobb-Douglas型生产函数模型分别测算了四大因素在中国油菜单产增长中的贡献率。根据1990～2004年间的数据计算,物质费用对中国油菜单产增长的贡献率最大,其次是劳动力和政策制度,而同期结构与灾害因子对单产有负向影响。     

The Complexity of Public Attitudes Toward Compact Development

Problem: The future of compact development depends in part on understanding and shaping the public's attitudes toward it. Previous studies have suggested life cycle, socioeconomic, attitudinal, and ideological dimensions to preferences regarding development patterns, but rarely have all of these factors been examined systematically across a broad, generalizable sample of respondents.

Purpose: To examine public attitudes toward compact development, we asked survey respondents to weigh four important tradeoffs between compact and sprawling growth. We assess the relative influence of a variety of individual characteristics on these attitudes.

Methods: We use results from two large-scale, randomized telephone surveys, one conducted in California in 2002 and the other in four other southwestern states in 2007. Using logistic regression, we assess which personal characteristics are associated with stated preferences regarding compact development, and illustrate their degree of influence.

Results and conclusions: Support for the compact development alternatives is significant, in some cases exceeding support for traditional, decentralized suburban patterns. However, question wording appears to matter considerably, and individuals’ beliefs about different facets of compact development are often inconsistent. Although race, income, age, and the presence of children in the household are strongly associated with some views on the four tradeoffs, only political ideology is consistently associated with opposition to compact development.

Takeaway for practice: The significant support evident for compact development may not translate into actual housing choices unless local governments and lenders do more to support the production of such housing and neighborhood environments. If, as our results suggest, a major constituency for transit-oriented and mixed-use projects is low income residents, renters, and minorities, then well crafted urban infill projects that take into account the needs of these groups will help fulfill the potential of smart growth. Advocates might also frame compact development to appeal more to political conservatives.

Research support: The 2002 survey was conducted by the Public Policy Institute of California, with financial support from the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, James Irvine Foundation, and David and Lucille Packard Foundation. The 2007 survey was conducted and supported by the Institute for Social Science Research at Arizona State University. All views expressed are solely those of the authors, not these organizations.     

Detection of EGFR on living human gastric cancer BGC823 cells using surface plasmon resonance phase sensing

Label-free and real-time information acquisition of molecular phenotype and its function on living cells plays a significant role in disease diagnosis and drug development. In this paper, SPR phase sensing was applied to monitor the interactions between EGFR antibody, EGFR1, and membrane proteins EGFR on living human gastric cancer BGC823 cells. When 50 μg/mL EGFR1 was added onto the fixed cells chip and the living cells chip, a significant difference in the binding amount could be observed from the immunofluorescence images. Quantitative results were obtained by following SPR detection, which were 722 RU and 438 RU, respectively. On the same living cells chip, SPR detection also showed markedly different results of cellular responses when it was stimulated by EGFR1 at different concentrations, such as adhesion and/or morphology variation, revealing the EGFR1's cytotoxic effect on the BGC823 cells. The results demonstrate SPR phase sensing is capable of real-time detection of molecular interactions and cellular responses on living cells, and suggest that further studies on the mechanism and the technique may allow SPR sensing become a powerful tool not only for the basic research of cell biology, but also for medical diagnosis and drug development.