多酚类化合物对糖脂代谢影响的研究进展

多酚类化合物是植物的次生代谢产物,广泛存在于食物中,包括黄酮类化合物、咖啡酸、绿原酸等。很多研究报道表明,摄入富含多酚类化合物的饮料、水果和蔬菜可以减缓肥胖、心血管疾病、糖尿病等慢性疾病甚至癌症的发生和发展。很大一部分原因在于其中的多酚类化合物具有抗氧化、抗病菌、增强免疫力、参与营养成分代谢调节的生理活性。本文结合近年来国内外的研究概况,从相关代谢酶活性和基因的表达、胰岛素分泌、营养物质的消化和吸收等方面来论述多酚类化合物对糖、脂代谢的影响。     

几类不同食物对肠道菌群调节作用的研究进展

肠道菌群是机体的重要组成部分,肠道菌群能在一定程度上影响宿主的营养代谢和健康。肠道菌群的组成与功能受宿主生理状态、遗传、饮食习惯、年龄和环境等多重因素的影响。其中,膳食是影响肠道菌群结构和功能最为重要且较为迅速的因素。作为日常生活中常见的食物资源,杂粮、杂豆和果蔬等食物含有的膳食纤维和多酚等物质已经被证明具有调节肠道菌群的作用。肠道菌群能够发酵膳食纤维,代谢后释放维生素以及短链脂肪酸等代谢产物,并选择性地促进一些肠道有益菌的增殖,进而在一定程度上促进宿主健康。此外,大部分酚类物质也在肠道中被肠道菌群代谢分解后进一步提高酚类物质的生物利用率,从而改善宿主生理状态。本文围绕日常生活中常见的食物资源如杂粮杂豆以及水果蔬菜等对肠道菌群的调节作用进行综述,展望以肠道菌群为靶点的代谢性疾病预防与治疗或膳食干预的前景。     

Microorganisms and Cellulose Digestion in the Gut of the Woodlouse Porcellio scaber

In the common woodlouse Porcellio scaber different parts of the gut were observed with respect to microbial counts, cellulose activity, and degradation of cellulose. Cellulose is mainly digested in the anterior part of the hindgut, as was indicated by the distribution of cellulolytic activity and the decrease of cellulose content inside the gut. The cellulases woodlice utilize for the degradation of litter are mainly produced by endosymbiotic bacteria in the hepatopancreas rather than by microorganisms ingested with the food. Microorganisms ingested with the litter are digested in the anterior part of the hindgut and may provide an important food source. In the posterior hindgut, bacterial proliferation ensures microbial colonization of feces.     

Sturgeon Chondroitin Sulfate Restores the Balance of Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer Bearing Mice

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a well-known bioactive substance with multiple biological functions, which can be extracted from animal cartilage or bone. Sturgeon, the largest soft bone animal with ~20% cartilage content, is a great candidate for CS production. Our recent study confirmed the role of sturgeon chondroitin sulfate (SCS) in reducing colorectal cancer cell proliferation and tumor formation. Here, we further studied the effect of SCS on modulating gut microbiome structure in colorectal cancer bearing mice. In this study, the transplanted tumor mice model was constructed to demonstrate that SCS can effectively halt the growth of transplanted colorectal tumor cells. Next, we showed that SCS significantly altered the gut microbiome, such as the abundance of Lactobacillales, Gastranaerophilales, Ruminiclostridiun_5 and Ruminiclostridiun_6. According to linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and abundance map analysis of the microbial metabolic pathways, the changes in microbial abundance led to an increase of certain metabolites (e.g., Phe, Tyr, and Gly). Fecal metabolome results demonstrated that SCS can significantly reduce the amount of certain amino acids such as Phe, Pro, Ala, Tyr and Leu presented in the feces, suggesting that SCS might inhibit colorectal cancer growth by modulating the gut microbiome and altering the production of certain amino acids. Our results revealed the therapeutic potential of SCS to facilitate treatment of colorectal cancer. This study provides insights into the development of novel food-derived therapies for colorectal cancer.     

Novel Role of Ghrelin Receptor in Gut Dysbiosis and Experimental Colitis in Aging

Chronic low-grade inflammation is a hallmark of aging, which is now coined as inflamm-aging. Inflamm-aging contributes to many age-associated diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We have shown that gut hormone ghrelin, via its receptor growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), regulates energy metabolism and inflammation in aging. Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiome has a critical role in intestinal immunity of the host. To determine whether microbiome is an integral driving force of GHS-R mediated immune-metabolic homeostasis in aging, we assessed the gut microbiome profiles of young and old GHS-R global knockout (KO) mice. While young GHS-R KO mice showed marginal changes in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, aged GHS-R KO mice exhibited reduced Bacteroidetes and increased Firmicutes, featuring a disease-susceptible microbiome profile. To further study the role of GHS-R in intestinal inflammation in aging, we induced acute colitis in young and aged GHS-R KO mice using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The GHS-R KO mice showed more severe disease activity scores, higher proinflammatory cytokine expression, and decreased expression of tight junction markers. These results suggest that GHS-R plays an important role in microbiome homeostasis and gut inflammation during aging; GHS-R suppression exacerbates intestinal inflammation in aging and increases vulnerability to colitis. Collectively, our finding reveals for the first time that GHS-R is an important regulator of intestinal health in aging; targeting GHS-R may present a novel therapeutic strategy for prevention/treatment of aging leaky gut and inflammatory bowel disease.     

New Insights in the Control of Fat Homeostasis: The Role of Neurotensin

Neurotensin (NT) is a small peptide with pleiotropic functions, exerting its primary actions by controlling food intake and energy balance. The first evidence of an involvement of NT in metabolism came from studies on the central nervous system and brain circuits, where NT acts as a neurotransmitter, producing different effects in relation to the specific region involved. Moreover, newer interesting chapters on peripheral NT and metabolism have emerged since the first studies on the NT-mediated regulation of gut lipid absorption and fat homeostasis. Intriguingly, NT enhances fat absorption from the gut lumen in the presence of food with a high fat content, and this action may explain the strong association between high circulating levels of pro-NT, the NT stable precursor, and the increased incidence of metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer observed in large population studies. This review aims to provide a synthetic overview of the main regulatory effects of NT on several biological pathways, particularly those involving energy balance, and will focus on new evidence on the role of NT in controlling fat homeostasis, thus influencing the risk of unfavorable cardio–metabolic outcomes and overall mortality in humans.     

The Interplay between Autonomic Nervous System and Inflammation across Systemic Autoimmune Diseases

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the immune system are deeply interrelated. The ANS regulates both innate and adaptive immunity through the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, and an imbalance in this system can determine an altered inflammatory response as typically observed in chronic conditions such as systemic autoimmune diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis all show a dysfunction of the ANS that is mutually related to the increase in inflammation and cardiovascular risk. Moreover, an interaction between ANS and the gut microbiota has direct effects on inflammation homeostasis. Recently vagal stimulation techniques have emerged as an unprecedented possibility to reduce ANS dysfunction, especially in chronic diseases characterized by pain and a decreased quality of life as well as in chronic inflammation.     

低聚果糖对C57BL/6小鼠肥胖预防及其肠道菌群的调节作用

为探究低聚果糖（fructooligosaccharides,FOS）对C57BL/6小鼠肥胖预防及其肠道菌群的调节作用,将50只雄性5周龄C57BL/6小鼠随机分为5组,正常组食用正常饲料,其他组通过食用高脂饲料构建肥胖模型,正常组、模型组灌胃给予生理盐水,实验组灌胃给予高、低剂量的FOS,阳性对照组灌胃给予奥利司他,实验进行6周。采用高通量16S rRNA基因扩增测序、酶联免疫吸附测试等方法,分析FOS对C57BL/6小鼠的肥胖预防及肠道菌群的调节作用。结果表明,高、低剂量FOS都显著降低了肥胖模型小鼠的Lee’s指数、附睾脂肪指数（P<0.05）,并显著升高了肥胖模型小鼠血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C）浓度（P<0.05）;高剂量FOS显著降低了肥胖模型小鼠的体质量增量及血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C）、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α)、脂多糖（lipopolysaccha...     

NUTRIOSE(R)06,不仅仅是一种膳食纤维NUTRIOSE(R)06的肠道生态系统益处和技术功效回顾——为了更健康更美味的配方

Nutriose(R)06是Roquette公司独家生产的一种可溶性膳食纤维,已经纳入中国"公共营养改善Oligo+计划"批准为一种益生元产品;Nutriose(R)06不但体现更健康的营养部分,而且有卓越的健康益处尤其是肠道健康;这篇文章将回顾Nutriose(R)06的益生元功效以及耐受性,技术功效.     

食物过敏与炎症性肠道疾病关联性的研究进展

随着全球过敏人群数量的增加,食物过敏日益受到人们的关注。炎症性肠道疾病（inflammatory bowel disease,IBD）对食物过敏的发生具有重要的免疫学意义。越来越多的研究表明,食物过敏与IBD具有相似的流行病学研究数据、发病机制、临床症状以及治疗方法,并且IBD能够增加患者患食物过敏的几率。本文在阐述食物过敏与IBD发病率和临床症状相似性的基础上,重点讨论食物过敏与IBD的发病机制以及影响两种疾病发生的关联因素,最后概述针对IBD患者未来缓解以及避免食物过敏的方法和应对策略。通过了解食物过敏与IBD的关联性,可为认知IBD患者发生食物过敏的风险因素提供科学依据,并为预防及治疗IBD患者发生食物过敏提供新的研究思路和科学信息。