The cholesterol content of eggs produced by the Slovenian autochthonous Styrian hen

The cholesterol content of eggs produced by the Slovenian autochthonous Styrian hen in comparison with eggs of the Isa Brown, reared in two different rearing systems, was determined. Eggs were collected four times during the year. The cholesterol content was determined by the enzymatic-spectrophotometric method. The influence of genotype, in two different rearing systems, on the cholesterol content in eggs was studied. The cholesterol content determined in eggs from cages was 13.1 ± 0.43 mg g⁻¹ yolk of the Styrian hens as compared to 11.4 ± 0.49 mg g⁻¹ yolk of Isa Brown hens. The cholesterol content determined in free range eggs was 13.6 ± 0.22 mg g⁻¹ yolk of the Styrian hen and 11.8 ± 0.30 mg g⁻¹ yolk of Isa Brown.     

Physical evaluation of popped cereal snacks with spent hen meat

Various blends of spent hen meat and grains (potato starch, corn starch, and rice flour) were popped using a popping machine. Lowest bulk density was observed in the snack with 1:2 ratio of meat and potato starch. Except for the popped snack with meat and rice flour, as the starch content increased, bulk density decreased gradually. Popped snacks with grains only were higher in L* value than those with meat and grains. The a* and b* values increased with increasing meat content. All popped snacks were significantly different (P<0.001) in bulk density, color, and breaking force. As the grain content of snacks increased, the size of the air cells also increased. Results of scanning electron microscopic and optical microscopic observations revealed the popping degree of snack with starch and spent hen meat was affected by the presence of meat. The optimum ratios of meat to grain for high expansion ratio were determined to be 1:2 and 1:3 of meat to corn starch and potato starch.     

基于计算机视觉技术的鲜蛋等级评定系统

建立了一个基于计算机视觉技术检测鸡蛋的内外品质特性,采用LM神经网络进行分类识别的系统.该系统通过提取鸡蛋的蛋型指数、裂纹及污垢、蛋形尺寸等特征,实现利用神经网络的最优模型完成鸡蛋的分级检测,正确识别率达到87%.     

Effects of L‐carnitine supplementation to diets with different fat sources and energy levels on fatty acid composition of egg yolk of laying hens

BACKGROUND: The present study was carried out to determine the effects of feeding diets with two different levels of metabolisable energy (ME) (11.51 or 10.88 MJ ME kg^?1 diet) and three different sources of fat (palm oil, sunflower oil or fish oil) with or without supplemental L ‐carnitine (0 or 500 mg kg^?1 diet) on the fatty acid (FA) composition of egg yolk and the passage of n3 polyunsaturated FAs to egg yolk in laying hens. RESULTS: The ∑n3, particularly C22:6n‐3, FA contents of egg yolk were significantly reduced by adding of L ‐carnitine (C2) to different fat sources (P < 0.01). The ratio of n6/n3 was reduced from 53.77 to 17.72 in eggs yolks when ME was lowered in the diet with C2‐sunflower oil (SFO) whereas it was enhanced from 2.19 to 9.31 in C2‐E2 (low energy) diet with fish oil (FO) (P < 0.001). The diet with E2 or C2 containing FO resulted in a decrease of the C22:5n‐3, C22:6n‐3 and ∑n3 FA contents of egg yolk (P < 0.001). On the other hand, supplementation of C2 to diets with SFO or palm oil (PO) caused to a decrease in the C22:6n‐3 and ∑n3 FA contents of egg yolk (P < 0.01). A significant increase of the ratio of n6/n3 in egg yolk can be seen by feeding with E2 diet by adding of C2 to all fat sources like in E1 (normal energy) diet (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Dietary treatments resulted in major changes in FA composition of egg yolk. The supplemental C2 in diet decreased the C22:5n‐3, C22:6n‐3 and ∑n3FA contents in egg yolk. The use of FO in diets with E2 significantly reduced the passage rate of C22:6n‐3 FA to egg yolk. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Comparative study on the characterization of antisera of anti‐aflatoxin B1 from rabbit and laying hen

Polyclonal antisera specific for aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) were developed in rabbits and laying hens immunized with AFB₁ conjugated to bovine serum albumin (AFB₁‐BSA). During the immunization schedule, AFB₁‐specific antisera from rabbits started to obviously be secreted after 60 days of the first AFB₁‐BSA injection, reached to a peak at day 120, and started to go down at day 135; while in regard to laying hens, antibodies began to largely be produced at day 90, arrived to a peak at day 135, and began to go down at day 165. The rabbits consistently produced anti‐AFB₁ antisera in 2‐fold higher amounts than the laying hens during the antisera production process. But rabbits' and laying hens' antisera to AFB₁ were found not to be apparently different in cross‐reaction with aflatoxin analogs. Both rabbits' and laying hens' antisera could be used as immunological reagents for detecting AFB₁ in agricultural commodities.     

Microstructure evolution and texture formation of 16 % chromium ferritic stainless steel following simulated batch annealing treatments in mass production

Batch annealing technique is mainly used in industry for improving productivity as a few steel coils were stacked and heated in a bell-type furnace. The microstructure evolution, texture formation and mechanical properties of 16 % chromium ferritic stainless steel under different simulated batch annealing and subsequent cold-rolled annealing conditions were investigated in this work. Results showed that batch annealing process applied in mass production could not produce fully recrystallized and homogenously equiaxed grains even at very high temperatures up to 900 °C for 30 hours. With increased batch annealing temperature, a large number of chromium carbides precipitated in ferrite, while some unstable Fe-carbide precipitates were gradually dissolved. Relatively lower cold-rolled annealing temperature (830 °C) led to finer grains and superior mechanical properties of 16 % chromium ferritic stainless steel. Increased batch annealing temperature improved the intensity of {111}//normal direction γ-fiber textures at the expense of other orientations including {hkl}<110> α-fiber, {334}<4 3>, thus improving the formability of ferritic stainless steel.     

Laser‐Raman and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) studies on plasma‐sprayed hydroxylapatite coatings: Influence of bioinert bond coats on phase composition and resorption kinetics in simulated body fluid

The structure and phase composition of HAp coatings deposited onto Ti6Al4V coupons (50x20x2mm) by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) were studied by laser‐Raman spectroscopy, ³¹P‐ and ¹H‐MAS‐NMR and 2D‐³¹P/¹H HETCOR‐CP‐NMR spectroscopy, and XRD with Rietveld refinement. The samples investigated comprised APS HAp coatings with and without a TiO₂ bond coat as well as coatings incubated for different lengths of time (up to 12 weeks) in simulated body fluid (SBF) under physiological conditions. In APS coatings the presence of a bond coat increased the proportion of well‐ordered crystalline HAp at the expense of distorted apatite‐like structures such as oxyHAp and oxyapatite, and thermal decomposition products such as tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP), and also decreased the amount of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). Incubation in SBF further advanced the proportion of crystalline HAp since the disordered structures, the thermal decomposition products, and ACP exhibit substantially higher solubility.