加氢裂化装置高压换热流程火用损分析与改进

 以国内某加氢裂化装置为研究对象,在运用流程模拟软件PRO/II对加氢高压换热流程进行模拟计算的基础上,对其进行火用分析,借助能级-热量（ε-Q）图,找出换热过程瓶颈。分析结果表明,原有的换热流程循环氢与原料油的热量分配比例不合理,循环氢载热量达31.49 MW,占反应物总需热的61.3%,导致循环氢加热炉的出口温度高达442 ℃,与仅306℃的原料油混合造成混合火用损达1.304 MW。优化方案中通过调整高压换热网络物流换热次序,循环氢与原料油换热量分配的比例分别由原来的53.2%和46.8%调整至40.0%和60.0%,优化后的流程提高能量回收率,减少了加热炉负荷,传热火用损减少了0.061 MW,混合火用损则减少了1.229 MW。     

基于典型工况的高压共轨喷油系统标定

为满足高压共轨系统配机要求,进行了高压共轨喷油系统标定研究.针对柴油机典型工况的喷油参数要求,分析了高压泵流量范围要求,给出了供油量和控制脉宽的关系;进行共轨压力与控制频率、控制脉宽的标定,确定了不同转速下共轨压力的控制脉宽范围;简要分析电控喷油器的均匀性影响因素,提出了压力波动量控制的办法和喷油脉宽修正的办法满足小喷油量均匀性要求.并进行了高压共轨系统装机初步试验,试验结果表明高压共轨喷油系统在试验台架上标定的合理性.     

均匀化方法的ABAQUS实现

为了利用通用有限元软件来对复杂的均匀化方程进行便捷求解,从而对具有周期性构造复合材料有效性能进行预测.根据文献[1]提出的热应力方法和边界力方法将均匀化方程转化为通用有限元可以进行计算的形式,通过ABAQUS用户子程序和脚本语言的编写,便捷的实现了均匀化方程的求解,得到了均匀化系数.通过均匀化方程的ABAQUS的便捷求解(包括热应力方法和边界力方法),计算了单向复合材料有效性能,并与细观力学方法进行比较,结果表明两种方法具有一致性和有效性.     

形变热处理对Cu-15Ni-8Sn系合金组织结构与性能的影响

利用力学、电学性能测试,金相显微分析、扫描和透射电镜观察等手段研究均匀化退火和形变热处理工艺对Cu-15Ni-8Sn-1.0Zn-0.8Al-0.2Si合金组织结构与性能的影响。合金铸锭经830℃,2 h+850℃,2 h双级均匀化退火处理,热轧变形后合金板材经850℃,1 h固溶处理,冷轧变形60%后,分别在400和450℃时效处理。当450℃时效时间为30 min时,合金硬度为3780 MPa,电导率8.0%IACS,抗拉强度1144 MPa,屈服强度1098 MPa,延伸率3.29%;在400℃时效1 h时,合金硬度为3900 MPa,电导率7.4%IACS,抗拉强度1164 MPa,屈服强度1112 MPa,延伸率3.05%。合金的强化效应主要来源于调幅分解强化、析出强化和亚结构强化的共同作用,同时,溶质原子的析出使基体固溶度降低,合金电导率提高。合金经双级均匀化退火处理后为均匀的等轴晶组织,在400℃,1 h时效过程中发生调幅分解,同时析出具有L1_2结构的β-Ni_3Sn析出相,其与Cu基体的晶体取向关系为:(002)_(Cu)‖(00 1)_β,[110]_(Cu)‖[110]_β;(220)_(Cu)‖(110)_b,[112]_(Cu)‖[112]_β。     

砌体墙板的平面外性能

基于三维匀质化方法,建立了砌体墙板的三维匀质化基本单元,将匀质化后的砌体墙看成四边有支撑的竖向平板,提出了运用板理论来研究砌体墙板的平面外力学性能的方法,且分别给出了薄板理论和中厚板理论下砌体墙板的匀质化模型,推导了在对应模型下的匀质化砌体墙板的跨中挠度计算公式,对120、180、240和370 mm厚的砌体墙在固定高宽比和变化高宽比下的跨中挠度进行了详细的对比分析,得出了2种理论对不同尺寸的匀质化砌体墙板的适用性.该方法具有一定的实用价值,完善了砌体分析理论.     

超高压协同β-环糊精渗入对米饭回生的抑制

文中探究了超高压协同β-环糊精的渗入对方便米饭回生的影响。在粳米浸泡液中添加2%β-环糊精/羟丙基-β-环糊精,在60℃常压浸泡30 min,接着在40℃,500 MPa下浸泡20 min,最后蒸煮并焖饭制成米饭。通过差示扫描量热(DSC)、热重分析(TG)和X-射线衍射(XRD)研究新工艺对方便米饭在4℃贮存过程中的回生影响。新工艺米饭在4℃贮藏35d,其回生焓值比常压对照组降低了3.10 J/g,结晶度降低了7%。结果表明:新工艺显著延缓了米饭的回生进程,改善了米饭的贮存性。超高压协同添加β-环糊精的工艺为提高方便米饭食用品质提供了有效途径。     

Influence of oil droplet size on the oxidative stability of the free and encapsulated fractions of freeze-dried microencapsulated sunflower oil

The effect of oil droplet size (ODS) on the oxidative stability (OS) of dried microencapsulated oils has been scarcely studied, and results are contradictory. A few studies have shown increased OS when the ODS was reduced and this was attributed to a decrease in the surface oil content (SOC). Yet, in such studies, only the total oil fraction was evaluated. In the present work, the free (FO) and encapsulated oil (EO) fractions of freeze-dried microencapsulated sunflower oil were analysed to study the effect of changes in the ODS by using different homogenisation pressure (15 or 70 MPa) in the emulsification step. The OS of both the free and encapsulated fractions increased when the ODS was significantly reduced in two samples with different encapsulation matrix, namely caseinate/lactose and maltodextrin/sucrose/gelatine. A reduction in the SOC would explain the increased stability of the FO, but not that of the EO. An additional protective role of the interfacial film could have been involved. In conclusion, if the encapsulation matrix and the interfacial region are effective as oxygen barriers, a reduction in the ODS of the parent emulsion by an increase in the homogenisation pressure will result in capsules more stable against lipid oxidation.     

Rheology of starch dispersions at high temperatures

In the food industry, many food products experience extreme processing conditions of high temperature and high shear stresses. The measurements of sample behavior for water-based formulations above 100°C is extremely challenging due to changes in material composition from the boiling of volatile ingredients. We have developed a high-sensitivity, pressurized starch pasting cell (up to 5 bar) which utilizes a design free of mechanical bearings and seals, resulting in an order-of-magnitude improvement in torque sensitivity (1 μN.m in oscillatory and 10 μN.m in shear flows) compared to traditional pressure cells. A pressurized atmosphere in the cell suppresses boiling of the volatile components, allowing the characterization of the structure–property relationships of the sample over a range of testing conditions (−5 to 150°C) which simulate industrial processing and storage conditions. This cell is employed to investigate the pasting properties of a commercial starch dispersed in water. In situ gelatinization of starch dispersions of varying starch particle weight fractions (ϕ) subjected to a high temperature (120°C) at elevated pressure and at a fixed shear rate is studied. A phase transition, from an initial flowable starch slurry to a paste, takes place during which the viscosity evolves by several orders of magnitude. Typical parameters associated with the viscosity evolution during gelatinization such as onset temperature, peak temperature, and peak viscosity are analyzed to probe the impact of high temperature on the gelation process and the rheological properties of the final starch paste. Furthermore, yield stresses of the final paste, measured at 120°C, are examined for varying ϕ through traditional rheological methods such as flow ramps, oscillatory shear, and stress growth, demonstrating the capabilities of this cell for studies of steady shear and nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of the starch pastes. The yield stress values are found to be in good agreement when comparing various testing methods. Yield stresses range from 0.25 to 6.5 Pa for ϕ between 0.05 and 0.15, with 0.05 being the minimum starch weight fraction for which there is any measurable yield stress. The yield stress and the paste viscosity both scale with starch particle weight fraction as (ϕ − ϕ_c) ^m, where ϕ_c = 0.04 as no yield stress is observed for ϕ ≤ 0.04. The exponent, m, for yield stress is found to be in the range of 1.15–1.4 depending on the analytical method used and the definition of yield stress while for peak and breakdown viscosities it is noted to be 1.6 and 1.1, respectively. The Herschel-Bulkley model is found to fit the flow curves well. The starch pastes are found to exhibit shear-thinning and significant thixotropic behavior.     

Comparison of polysaccharide degradations by dynamic high-pressure homogenization

The mechanical degradation of polysaccharides was investigated using dynamic high and ultra-high-pressure homogenization (HPH). The objectives were to reduce the molar mass of polymer chains, and simultaneously, the apparent and intrinsic viscosity of polysaccharides in solution. The influence of homogenization pressure (up to 200 MPa) and cycles was compared on polysaccharides with different physical and structure properties: namely, guar gum, hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC), sodium alginate (Na-alginate) and gum arabic. HPH was applied on semi-dilute solutions. The apparent changes in molar mass, gyration radius and intrinsic viscosity were deduced from size exclusion chromatography coupled on-line with multi-angle laser light scattering, differential viscometer detector and differential refractive index detector (SEC/MALS/DV/DRI), while the evolution of the critical overlap concentration (C^∗) was obtained by viscosimetry. A method based on a succession of homogenization cycles and polymer pre-concentration steps was developed to determine the minimum molar mass achieved at constant pressure. Molar mass, and intrinsic viscosity were shown to fall simultaneously while logically C^∗ increased during HPH for all polysaccharides, except gum arabic, probably because of its globular and branched structure. This highlights that the differences of polysaccharide structures and conformation (linear, branched…) exhibit a stronger impact on HPH treatments than polymer charge or molar mass. Finally, via an empirical approach linking the decrease of both molar masses and viscosities, we have evidenced a specific scaling exponent that should characterize the flexibility of the treated polymer (i.e. its ability to be degraded by HPH).