Oxidation and intergranular disintegration of the aluminides NiAl and NbAl3 and phases in the system Nb-Ni-Al

The oxidation behavior is very different for an aluminide with a wide homogeneity range such as -NiAl than for a line compound such as NbAl ₃.Oxidation of -NiAl at temperatures 1273 K leads to a slow-growing -alumina layer. The metal phase beneath the scale remains as -NiAl; however, cavity formation is observed. The cavity formation may be favored by sulphur surface segregation. Oxidation of NbAl ₃ at temperatures 1273 K initially leads to -Al ₂O₃,but the Al depletion causes the formation of Nb ₂ Al beneath the oxide layer. Cracking of the Al ₂O₃ layer opens Nb ₂ Al to the atmosphere, which oxidizes rapidly to Nb ₂O₅ and NbAlO₄.After consumption of the Nb ₂ Al, a layer of Al ₂O₃ formed again on the NbAl ₃ phase, but failure of the alumina and the fast growth of the other oxides occur as a repeated process. Thus, NbAl ₃ exhibited rapid linear oxidation kinetics. Multiphase alloys in the system Nb-Ni-Al generally behave better than NbAl ₃,and the low oxidation rates of -NiAl can be approached. In the temperature range below 1273 K, with a maximum at 1000 K, both NiAl and NbAl ₃ show the pest phenomenon, an intergranular disintegration. Preceding the disintegration, oxygen diffuses into the grain boundaries of the material and Al ₂O₃ is formed at the grain boundaries, beginning from the surface region. NiAl is susceptible only in a very limited range of oxygen pressures and temperatures, whereas NbAl ₃ is much more susceptible.     

蓝宝石高温光纤压力传感器的设计与仿真

针对高温环境下压力测量需求,提出采用蓝宝石材料来构造适用于特殊环境下的光纤高温法珀压力传感器。基于圆形膜片压力敏感原理设计了传感器敏感单元结构尺寸,通过Comsol有限元软件建立了敏感单元模型,对敏感膜片的表面位移及应力分布情况进行了仿真,验证了传感器设计的可靠性;同时分析了传感器的温敏效应,结果表明随温度升高,传感器的灵敏度会增大,会对压力测量产生误差,约为1.51kPa/℃,上述结果为蓝宝石高温压力传感器的结构和性能优化设计提供了有效指导。     

超重型切削过程硬质合金刀具高温力学特性

超重型切削过程中,刀具的高温失效是硬质合金刀具破损的主要形式之一。首先,通过理论分析、切削仿真及数学模型进行切削热产生过程分析,并研究切削温度对硬质合金刀具变形抗力的影响;然后,进行切削温度及材料高温硬度测量实验,实验结果验证模型有效,硬质合金和工件材料试块的硬度在1000℃时分别下降了28%和60%左右;最后,从刀具几何结构优化设计和复合涂层技术两方面提出超重型切削专用硬质合金刀具抗高温性能的提效措施,在5组切削参数下进行刀具寿命对比实验,优化设计的XF8刀具寿命是YT15刀具的2~5倍。研究结果可以为重型高效切削刀具技术的研究及推广提供借鉴。     

振动流化床床层压降理论分析与实验研究

从振动流化床床层压降的物理意义出发,得出了振动流化床床层压降模型。提出振动流化床床层压降-流速曲线上存在第一、第二流化段,相应速度为第一、第二临界流化速度。并在二维振动流化床内,以不同粒径的玻璃珠为床料进行了实验研究,分析了振动及其它操作条件对床层压降的影响,并将模型计算得到的压降与实验结果进行了比较,结果表明模型预测与实验结果有较好的一致性。实验关联了振动能量传递系数的数学表达式,得到第一、第二临界流化速度时床层压降,并与其他研究者的结果进行了对比分析,结果显示本文的模型能得到更为可靠的预测结果。     

基于体效应的SiC MOSFET器件栅极老化监测方法研究

长期以来,栅极老化一直是SiC MOSFET器件可靠性研究的关键,而偏置温度不稳定性则是栅极老化的重要现象。由于栅极老化的偏置温度不稳定性存在应力撤出后的恢复现象,如能在可靠性实验中快速、准确地监测SiC MOSFET器件的栅极老化变化量,对可靠性研究具有重要意义。因此,文中提出一种新的栅极老化监测方法。该方法以体效应下的阈值电压VTH(body)为基础,建立理论模型来描述VTH(body)和栅极老化之间的关系。提出在栅极电压开关过程中从体二极管电压–栅极电压曲线中得到VTH(body)的方法,并详细研究实验参数对VTH(body)的影响。此外,通过高温栅偏实验对VTH(body)的实用价值进行验证,并与栅极老化参数阈值电压VTH进行对比。实验结果证明,提出的新型栅极老化监测方法可以实现栅极老化的快速、准确及非恒温环境监测。     

The high-temperature corrosion behavior of Fe-Mo-Al alloys in H2/H2O/H2S mixed-gas environments

The corrosion behavior of 11 Fe-Mo-Al ternary alloys was studied over the temperature range 700–980°C in H₂/H₂O/H₂S mixed-gas environments. With the exception of Fe-10Mo-7Al, for which breakaway kinetics were observed at higher temperatures, all alloys followed the parabolic rate law, despite two-stage kinetics which were observed in some cases. A kinetics inversion was observed for alloys containing 7 wt.% Al between 700–800°C. The corrosion rates of Fe-20Mo and Fe-30Mo were found to be reduced by five orders of magnitude at all temperatures by the addition of 9.1 or higher wt.% aluminum. The scales formed on low-Al alloys (5 wt.% Al) were duplex, consisting of an outer layer of iron sulfide (with some dissolved Al) and a complex inner of Al_0.55Mo₂S₄, FeMo₂S₄, Fe_1.25Mo₆S_7.7, FeS, and uncorroded FeAl and Fe₃Mo₂. Platinum markers were always located at the interface between the inner and outer scales for the low-Al alloys, indicating that outer-scale growth was due mainly to outward diffusion of cations (Fe and Al), while the inner scale was formed primarily by the inward flux of sulfur anions. Alloys having intermediate Al contents (7 wt.%) formed scales that consisted of FeS and Al₂O₃. The amount of Al₂O₃ increased with increasing reaction temperature. The high-Al-content alloys (9.1 and 10 wt.%) formed only Al₂O₃ which was responsible for the reduction of the corrosion rates.     

Application of High Temperature Corrosion-Resistant Materials and Coatings Under Severe Corrosive Environment in Waste-to-Energy Boilers

Corrosion-resistant materials (CRMs) and coatings are key technologies to increase power generation efficiency and reduce maintenance in waste-to-energy (WTE) plants. Corrosion environment became severe as steam temperatures have increased. The steam condition of more than 400 °C/3.9 MPa became possible in WTE boilers by using highly durable corrosion-resistant coatings, such as thermal spray of Al/80Ni20Cr alloy, HVOF-sprayed NiCrSiB alloy, Alloy 625 weld overlay for waterwall tubes and also superheater tubes. Also, the use of 310S type stainless steels and high Cr-high Mo-Ni base and high Si-Cr-Ni-Fe alloys have progressed because of a better understanding of corrosion mechanisms. Furthermore, high durability coatings using cermet and ceramic materials were applied to high temperature superheaters. This paper describes the major developments and the application of CRMs and coating technologies in the last 30 years in WTE plants, the corrosion mechanisms of alloys, the deterioration mechanisms of spray coating layers, and future subjects for the development of corrosion-resistant materials and coatings.     

The Main Degradation Modes of an Aluminide Coating on a Co-Base Superalloy During High-Temperature Oxidation in Air

Degradation of aluminide coatings occurs by two ways, one by coating oxidation, and the other by interdiffusion of Al. In this paper, the structure variation and phase transformation are analyzed for the aluminide coating on a newly developed Co-base superalloy (DZ40M alloy) after oxidation at 900 and 1000°C in air. The results show that degradation of this coating was mainly by oxidation at 900°C, but principally by interdiffusion at 1000°C. The main degradation mode of the coating is primarily dependent on the oxidation temperature and the specific structure of the coating itself.     

A high-temperature oxidation-resistant Fe-Mn-Al-Si alloy

To develop satisfactory alloys without Cr or Ni for high-temperature application up to 1100C, three alloys based on Fe-10%Al-Si with differing fourth (or fifth) element additions were oxidized in air at 1100°Cfor 24 hr. A low carbon, Fe-30Mn-10Al-Si alloy exhibited excellent high-temperature oxidation resistance. The total weight gain for 24 hr oxidation in air at 1100°C was only 1.03 mg/cm ². After air oxidation for 6 days at 1100°C, no nodule formation or breakthrough oxidation occurred. Post-oxidation SEM and EDAX examination showed that a thin, compact, protective alumina scale formed on the alloy.Visiting Scientist (People's Republic of China).     

Studies concerning the effect of nitrogen on the oxidation behavior of TiAl-based intermetallics at 900°C

The oxidation behavior of the titanium aluminides Ti-50Al and Ti-48Al-5Nb has been investigated in Ar+20%O₂ and in air at 900°C. Thermogravimetric studies in combination with structural analyses using optical metallography, SEM/EDX and X-ray diffraction show a marked influence of nitrogen on the composition and growth rate of the oxide scales. For a more detailed study concerning the effect of nitrogen on the scale-growth kinetics, thermogravimetrical analyses were carried out during which the gas atmosphere was changed from air to Ar–O₂, and vice versa, without intermediate cooling of the specimen. The results show, that nitrogen adversely affects the formation of the initially formed alumina scale and that it enhances the growth rate of the rapidly growing Ti-rich oxide. This effect was observed in both alloys investigated, although the thermogravimetric results at first sight indicated an opposite effect for the Nb-containing alloy. This apparent contradiction is caused by internal oxidation which occurs in this alloy during exposure in Ar–O₂.