Analysis of TRIPS Agreement and the justification of international IP rights protection in the WTO's multilateral trading system,with particular reference to pharmaceutical patents

The entry of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement has seen the developing countries and the least developed countries (LDCs) suffer from the excessive burden of obligations imposed under the Agreement to embrace and implement a higher standard of intellectual property (IP) protection. One of the areas where the impact of the measures is most felt is on accessibility to affordable medicines for frontline treatment of diseases in developing countries and LDCs, where the majority of the HIV/AIDS sufferers come from. This inevitable plight, although well known, and posited by the developing countries and LDCs during the Uruguay round of negotiations, was overlooked. This also necessitated the Doha Deceleration, which does not seem to have addressed the problem. The developed countries have also successfully utilised the TRIPS Agreement's IP rights protection criteria as a benchmark, to develop a much higher IP rights protection agenda through the introduction of TRIPS-plus provisions in bilateral and other multilateral agreements entered into with developing countries. The winners in the game are the patent-holding pharmaceutical corporations, software corporations, media corporations, and the developed countries where they are incorporated. The ones at the receiving end are the developing countries and the LDCs who were promised technology transfer to build a modern economy by the developed countries, but are faced with multiple problems of non-availability of affordable medicines for health care, besides others. This article seeks to study the justification for an extended IP rights protection under the TRIPS Agreement through an analysis of the philosophical underpinnings of the IP rights and the patent regime. It will be argued that the TRIPS Agreement is a major obstacle that the developing countries and the LDCs have been made to face as Members of the WTO (World Trade Organisation), with no end in sight for their miseries, and that the only possible solution is a review or an amendment of the TRIPS Agreement.     

数码迷彩空间混色的影响因素研究*

针对数码迷彩的空间混色问题开展了一系列的研究实验,分析了各种影响因素与混色的关系。从人眼视觉、空间混色的形成过程入手,通过三原色的混色实验和数码迷彩的混色实验,对其影响因素如色块大小、观测距离等进行研究和量化分析,获得了它们对空间混色影响的基本规律。实验结果对于数码迷彩的设计和优化将提供可靠的参考依据。     

Use and non‐use of VDTs—organization of terminal work: Research findings from Swedish cross‐site studies in the field of office automation

A group of users in Copenhagen were asked to evaluate how important a number of user interface characteristics were for them. The results show high importance of efficient daily use and of possibilities for exploratory learning while tutorial materials were of less importance. Users also were asked to evaluate four usability aspects of a number of popular programs. Results show that the quality pleasant to work with has the largest impact on evaluations of overall user‐friendliness while users seem able to view usability independently from the number of features in an application.     

降水及人类活动对阜平流域径流的影响

为了研究近年来气候变化和人类活动影响条件下的阜平流域径流的演变规律,采用5 a滑动平均法和线性回归法,对阜平流域径流量、变化趋势及影响因素进行了分析,并利用降水径流经验统计模型估算了降水变化和人类活动对流域年径流量的影响程度。结果表明:降水量与径流量有一致性的变化趋势,降水量下降的趋势不明显,而径流量呈显著减少的趋势;1969—1979年、1980—1989年、1990—1999年、2000—2005年,受人类活动影响所减少的年均径流量分别占径流总减少量的21.04%、46.05%、58.30%、54.93%,受降水变化影响所减少的年均径流量分别占径流总减少量的78.96%、53.95%、41.70%、45.07%;随着年代的推移,人类活动对径流的影响逐渐增大,而降水变化的影响逐渐减小,20世纪80年代以后,人类活动导致径流量减少的贡献率要大于降水因素。     

基于Web的企业人才数据库研究和应用

管理员后台管理、权限审核、动态呈现等技术,为技术人员选拔及人才统计提供数据基础,促进了企业的信息化建设。     

双摄像机下人体遮挡时的跟踪方法

针对双摄像机下存在人体遮挡情况时的跟踪问题,提出了利用人体3维位置信息来实现跟踪的方法。该方法首先对其中一个摄像机视频图像中的人体像素抽样,接着在其他摄像机视频图像中找出抽样像素的匹配点,计算出每一对匹配点在世界坐标系中所对应的3维点,然后依据3维位置信息将3维点聚类,找出每一个聚类区域中的3维点所对应的图像中的一组像素点,并对其构建高斯平滑直方图模型。在此基础上,依据直方图模型将互相遮挡的人体分割开来,最后根据求取的人体像素点的匹配关系来确定不同摄像机中同一个人的对应关系。实验结果表明,该方法能有效实现遮挡情况下的人体跟踪。     

Social network,social trust and shared goals in organizational knowledge sharing

The aim of our study was to further develop an understanding of social capital in organizational-knowledge-sharing. We first developed a measurement tool and then a theoretical framework in which three social capital factors (social network, social trust, and shared goals) were combined with the theory of reasoned action; their relationships were then examined using confirmatory factoring analysis. We then surveyed of 190 managers from Hong Kong firms, we confirm that a social network and shared goals significantly contributed to a person's volition to share knowledge, and directly contributed to the perceived social pressure of the organization. The social trust has however showed no direct effect on the attitude and subjective norm of sharing knowledge.     

AOP在虚拟行为建模中的应用研究

该文介绍了对面向方面的思想和编程方法以及目前虚拟现实中各种行为造型的方法,并研究了AOP（Aspect Oriented Pro—gramming）思想应用到行为造型中的方法,将行为视为虚拟现实实体对象的方面,动态添加到实体对象中。最后阐述了在X3D中实现基于AOP的行为造型的方法和关键技术。还阐述了基于AOP的行为造型方法的在实际项目中的应用情况,充分验证了该方法的实用性和有效性。     

易燃性智能测试仪软件系统的设计与实现

基于玩具安全标准对玩具易燃性的要求,结合PLC控制技术、网络技术和软件技术,对研制的智能燃烧测试仪的工作原理、硬件结构设计、功能特性进行了详细的论述,并重点对软件系统中的主控程序、人机界面、通信程序的设计与实现进行了阐述,指出此测试仪是一台软件与硬件相结合的设备,其软件系统的实现极大地提高了测试仪的自动化水平.     

海量层次信息的Focus+Context交互式可视化技术

综述了海量层次信息可视化与Focus Context技术的相关工作,针对海量层次信息可视化的交互问题,在嵌套圆可视化技术的基础上提出了基于上下文感知的Focus Context交互式可视化技术.首先,基于外切圆排列方法提出对圆心进行三角网格剖分的方法,为变形计算建立上下文;然后,针对变形计算前后上下文一致性问题,在三角网格邻居跟踪方法的基础上,提出了用于同层兄弟节点上下文感知的外切圆变形排列方法,以及用于父子节点上下文感知的嵌套圆迭代排列方法.实验结果表明。上述方法在实现焦点突出的鱼眼视图的同时,能够有效地解决Focus Context交互式可视化的上下文感知问题.上述方法应用于文件系统海量层次信息的交互式可视化问题,提供了交互式可视化工具.