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51.
Background: Capsaicin, the hot pepper agent, produces burning followed by desensitization. To treat localized itch or pain with minimal burning, low capsaicin concentrations can be repeatedly applied. We hypothesized that alternatively controlled release of capsaicin from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles desensitizes superficially terminating nociceptors, reducing burning. Methods: Capsaicin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were prepared (single-emulsion solvent evaporation) and characterized (size, morphology, capsaicin loading, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release profile). Capsaicin-PLGA nanoparticles were applied to murine skin and evaluated in healthy human participants (n = 21) for 4 days under blinded conditions, and itch and nociceptive sensations evoked by mechanical, heat stimuli and pruritogens cowhage, β-alanine, BAM8-22 and histamine were evaluated. Results: Nanoparticles (loading: 58 µg capsaicin/mg) released in vitro 23% capsaicin within the first hour and had complete release at 72 h. In mice, 24 h post-application Capsaicin-PLGA nanoparticles penetrated the dermis and led to decreased nociceptive behavioral responses to heat and mechanical stimulation (desensitization). Application in humans produced a weak to moderate burning, dissipating after 3 h. A loss of heat pain up to 2 weeks was observed. After capsaicin nanoparticles, itch and nociceptive sensations were reduced in response to pruritogens cowhage, β-alanine or BAM8-22, but were normal to histamine. Conclusions: Capsaicin nanoparticles could be useful in reducing pain and itch associated with pruritic diseases that are histamine-independent.  相似文献   
52.
3,4-Dideoxyglucosone-3-ene (3,4-DGE) is a glucose degradation product present in processed foods and medicinal products. Additionally, its constant formation from 3-deoxyglucosone in plasma has been suggested. Due to its α,β-unsaturated dicarbonyl moiety, 3,4-DGE is highly reactive and has shown harmful effects in vitro. Here, we investigated the impact of major components of the human blood circulatory system on 3,4-DGE in vitro. Under physiological conditions, plasma concentrations of human serum albumin (HSA) reacted efficiently with 3,4-DGE, resulting in only 8.5% of the initial 3,4-DGE concentration after seven hours (vs. 83.4% without HSA, p < 0.001). Thereby, accessible thiol groups were reduced from 0.121 to 0.064 mol/mol HSA, whereas ketoprofen binding and esterase-like activity of HSA were not affected. Plasma concentrations of glutathione (GSH) reacted immediately and completely with 3,4-DGE, leading to two stereoisomeric adducts. Plasma concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG) bound to 3,4-DGE to a lower extent, resulting in 62.6% 3,4-DGE after seven hours (vs. 82.2% in the control, p < 0.01). Immobilized human collagen type IV did not alter 3,4-DGE concentrations. The results indicated that particularly HSA, GSH, and IgG readily scavenge 3,4-DGE after its appearance in the blood stream, which may be associated with a reduced antioxidative and cytoprotective activity for the living cells and, thus, the human organism by blocking free thiol groups.  相似文献   
53.
Congo red (CR) type self–assembled ribbon–like structures (SRLS) were previously shown to interact with some proteins, including albumin. SRLS also complex with some drugs with a flat, ring–shaped structure with aromatic characteristics, intercalating them into their ribbon structure. The combination of interaction with proteins and drug binding by SRLS enables the use of such systems for immunotargeting. It is especially interesting in the case of chemotherapeutic agents. The present experiments aimed to show that the model carrier system composed of supramolecular albumin and Congo red efficiently binds doxorubicin (Dox) and that the drug can be released at reduced pH. The presented results come from the studies on such complexes differing in the molar ratio of CR to Dox. The following methods were used for the analysis: electrophoresis, dialysis, gel filtration, spectral analysis, and analysis of the size of the hydrodynamic radius using the dynamic light scattering method (DLS). The applied methods confirmed the formation of the CR–Dox complex, with large dimensions and changed properties compared with free CR. The presented results show that albumin binds both CR and its complex with Dox. Various CR–Dox molar ratios, 5:1, 2:1, and 1:1, were analyzed. The confirmation of the possibility of releasing the drug from the carriers thus formed was also obtained. The presented research is important due to the search for optimal solutions for the use of SRLS in drug immunotargeting, with particular emphasis on chemotherapeutic agents.  相似文献   
54.
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques can be a powerful tool to identify neuropsychiatric disorder biomarkers, improving prediction and diagnosis ability. Here, we evaluate the efficacy of MS proteomics applied to human peripheral fluids of schizophrenia (SCZ) patients to identify disease biomarkers and relevant networks of biological pathways. Following PRISMA guidelines, a search was performed for studies that used MS proteomics approaches to identify proteomic differences between SCZ patients and healthy control groups (PROSPERO database: CRD42021274183). Nineteen articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria, allowing the identification of 217 differentially expressed proteins. Gene ontology analysis identified lipid metabolism, complement and coagulation cascades, and immune response as the main enriched biological pathways. Meta-analysis results suggest the upregulation of FCN3 and downregulation of APO1, APOA2, APOC1, and APOC3 in SCZ patients. Despite the proven ability of MS proteomics to characterize SCZ, several confounding factors contribute to the heterogeneity of the findings. In the future, we encourage the scientific community to perform studies with more extensive sampling and validation cohorts, integrating omics with bioinformatics tools to provide additional comprehension of differentially expressed proteins. The produced information could harbor potential proteomic biomarkers of SCZ, contributing to individualized prognosis and stratification strategies, besides aiding in the differential diagnosis.  相似文献   
55.
This article presents a potential synthesis between the fitness indicator and life history models of human intelligence through consideration of the phenomena of ability differentiation and integration. The cognitive differentiation-integration effort hypothesis proposes that these effects result from a life history tradeoff between cognitive integration effort, a mating effort component associated with strengthening the positive manifold amongst abilities; and cognitive differentiation effort, a somatic effort component associated with the cultivation of specific abilities. This represents one of two largely independent sources of genetic variance in intelligence; the other is mediated by general fitness and mutation load and is associated with individual differences in levels of 'genetic g'. These two sources (along with a common source of environmental variance) combine to give rise to a variety of cognitive phenotypes characterized by different combinations of high or low levels of 'genetic g' and cognitive specialism or generalism. Fundamental to this model is the assumption that measures of life history speed (K) and g are essentially independent, which is demonstrated via meta-analysis of 10 studies reporting correlations between the variables (ρ = .023, ns, n = 2056). The implications of the model are discussed in an evolutionary, ecological, and developmental context. Seven key predictions are made in the discussion which if tested could provide definitive evidence for the hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   
56.
Assessment of human error in maintenance requires identification of the contributing factors that lead to human error(s). These factors are called human error inducing factors (HEIFs), which take into consideration both the active and latent error contributing aspects related to man, machine and environment. A systems approach of the Graph Theory is applied in this paper for quantifying human error in maintenance activities that models the identified factors and their interactions/interrelationships in terms of human error digraph. The nodes in the digraph represent the HEIFs and the edges represent their interrelationships. The digraph is converted into an equivalent matrix and an expression based on this is developed, which is characteristic of the human error in maintenance. This expression is used to evaluate a human error index by substituting the numerical value of the factors and their interrelations. The index is a measure of the human error potential involved in the maintenance of systems. A higher value of index indicates that the error likelihood is more for the associated tasks, and more efforts are required to make the system less prone to human error. The proposed methodology is illustrated using a case study. The approach is anticipated to play a significant role in identifying sources of human errors and predicting their impact; and will help to integrate human factors during design stage with the objective of reducing human error in maintenance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
57.
《Ergonomics》2012,55(12):1487-1500
Deviations from anticipated courses of events are often associated with accidents, while the effects of deviations that decrease productivity but do not obviously lead to human injury are less clear. A systemic approach to production and safety is introduced, and it is proposed that production deviations have effects that may lead to safety violations and personal injury. In addition, the relationship between observed and perceived production deviations from 12 senior (60–79 years old) males' routine work using three firewood processing machines is analysed. For simple machine work, perceived deviations were positively related to observed deviations per work cycle and inversely correlated to the perception of work efficiency. For more complex machine work it was more difficult to match observers' and operators' perceptions of deviations. Despite challenges in the production deviation concept, this approach offers a holistic understanding of the performance of human–machine-environment systems and complements assessments of deviations from safe working practice.  相似文献   
58.
乳蛋白是肉糜制品的优质乳化剂,它能与水和脂肪界面充分结合,形成较为稳定的水—蛋白质—脂肪系统,合理使用,可赋予成品良好的风味和口感及优良的物理性能.同时使用乳蛋白还可以尽量利用生产中的边角余料、低档肉,提高肉的利用率,降低生产成本.  相似文献   
59.
The assessment of radiofrequency exposure level and the exposure setup are critical, because if the exposure levels (related to frequency, power, position, and other variables) are not known, the biological results are not meaningful. In this regard, this study aims to design, implement, and analyze numerical setups for the simulations of radiofrequency exposure related specific absorption rate and temperature increase in the human brain and head. For this purpose, specific models for human head and telephone antenna are chosen, and the FEM is selected for solving PDEs related to electromagnetic wave equations and bioheat equation. After the verification of the methodology chosen by achieving comparable results with the literature, the scope of the study is then turned to the effects of different parameters on the exposure levels. In the end, comprehensive information can be obtained from the simulation results so that risk management policies for electromagnetic radiation can be reevaluated to minimize the possible health hazards. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
60.
基于Delphi与Access的人力资源信息管理系统设计   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
伴随科技的飞速发展,许多企业面临着信息化建设,作为企业核心的人力资源,合理的信息化建设对企业的发展至关重要。针对这一问题,提出并设计了基于Delphi与Access的人力资源信息管理系统。以Delphi7.0和Access2000作为开发工具,设计的人力资源信息管理系统是一种开发迅速,成本低廉和运行高效的管理系统,与大型企业相比,更适合中小型企业人力资源的信息化建设。  相似文献   
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