氡的危害及暴露人群放射卫生防护管理工作的几点思考

本文综述了氡及其子体对暴露人群的健康危害,总结了国际组织相关氡防护新动向及我国氡防护相关法规标准,提出了加强高氡工作场所氡防护及卫生监督工作的几点思考。     

A critical evaluation of sampling methods used for assessing microorganisms on surfaces

Methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of cleaning and disinfection regimes, or of putative antimicrobial surfaces, rely on an estimate of the amount of viable microbial cells remaining on a surface after treatment. In essence, microbial cells are applied to the surface, and the number remaining after a specified time/treatment is assessed by variety of methods. This paper provides a critical commentary on these methods.The most common method relies on removal of the cells from the surface, by swabbing or agitation, plating onto culture media, and counting the number of colonies obtained. However, the surface should always be subsequently examined for residual cells: low numbers of colonies are deemed indicative of effective cleaning (i.e. few cells on the surface), but they could also indicate that cells have not been removed from the surface. Swabbing efficiency can be affected by moisture at the surface, presence of organic material, surface topography and presence of antimicrobial compounds.It is important to be aware of the limitations of a given method for assessing the presence of microorganisms on a surface, as well as of the intended antimicrobial property of the surface or agent applied to the surface.     

推行HSE管理体系 提高职业卫生管理水平

健康、安全与环境管理体系是目前国际石油界比较通行的一种安全管理方法和模式,其中健康管理与职业卫生工作紧密相关。简要分析了当前职业卫生工作存在的问题,结合中原油田推行HSE管理体系过程中的具体做法和体会,提出新形式下做好职业安全卫生工作的建议。     

Regional disparities of microbiological drinking water quality: assessment of spatial pattern and potential sociodemographic determinants

Even in industrialized countries like Germany, drinking water quality is a sensitive issue. Despite a generally high level of drinking water safety, contamination events do occur. We address the question whether demographic change may cause a spatial mismatch between installed capacities at the supply side and actual demand by water users, thereby increasing risks of microbiological contamination. Our investigation is based on a quantitative analysis using the largest publically available data-set on drinking water quality in Germany. We found that the number of reported contamination events in areas affected by population decrease was about twice as high as in areas with a stable or growing population. The relative frequency of microbiological contamination was found to be significantly correlated with rapidly depopulating areas. We conclude that in regions with negative population development, a statistically higher risk of microbiological drinking water contamination may coincide with a greater risk of recontamination during a longer passage in the distribution network.     

Microbial surveys in Estonian dairies

Milk contains low numbers of bacteria when it is milked from healthy cows. Drinking and fodder places in the cow shed, milking machines, utensils and equipment at farms, during transportation and in processing may add contaminants to the milk. The aim of this study was to investigate hygiene at the dairies, to find critical points where special attention or improved cleaning is needed by using various microbial sampling methods and by determining the occurrence of Bacillus cereus, Mycobacterium spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. Surfaces were examined with Hygicult^® and Rida^®Count. DryCult^® TPC total bacterial count was used for the determination of microbial counts in liquid samples. The detection of L. monocytogenes was performed according to ISO 11290-1 using the API Listeria test in the identification. The detection of Mycobacteria spp. was performed using Middlebrook 7H10 agar, Mycobacterium tubes 1 and 2 with confirmation based on Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Detection of B. cereus was performed according to ISO 7932 using β-haemolysis on sheep blood agar and API 50CHB test in the identification. These results showed that food contact surfaces were mostly clean from microbes, but the noncontact surfaces were often contaminated with enterobacteria, fungi and aerobic bacteria.     

Evaluation of food safety and sanitary practices among food vendors at car parks in Ile Ife,southwestern Nigeria

Globally, the street food business has expanded rapidly and provides access to a diversity of inexpensive, ready-to-eat variety of food for customers. Street Food vendors (SFVs) operate where numerous customers exist and their operations are poorly regulated in Nigeria. Globally, SFVs were implicated in several outbreaks of foodborne diseases. This study therefore evaluates the behavioural characteristics and hygiene practices of SFVs in car parks in Ile Ife, southwestern Nigeria.The study was cross sectional in design and utilized interviewer-administered questionnaire on 160 randomly selected SFVs, targeting demography, food and personal hygiene practices and knowledge of foodborne diseases.Most respondents were <40 years (134, 83.7%); females (147, 91.9%); married (125, 78.1%); had at least secondary education (144, 90%); and vend whole meals (151, 94.3%), respectively. In addition, only 27 (16.9%) ‘always’ wash hands after using the toilet; 100 (62.5%) ‘rarely’ keep finger nails short while only 6 (3.8%) SFVs ‘always’ refrigerate leftover cooked food, though experiences power outages that compromise refrigeration temperatures. About ⅔ (61.9%) of the SFVs had no formal training and their medical status is unknown. Hence, inception and refreshers trainings should be mandatory and enforced by appropriate authorities. In addition, supportive monitoring, supervision, among others are necessary to promote compliance.     

按世界先进技术和理念建设儿科重症监护病房

介绍国内现代化的儿科心脏外科术后监护病房的建设与设计理念,平面布置,标准采用,空气卫生技术等,供参考。     

The Comparison of Four Bioluminometers and Their Swab Kits for Instant Hygiene Monitoring and Detection of Microorganisms in the Brewery

Four luminometers and their swab units were evaluated for detecting ATP by surface swabbing. Testing included pipetting known quantities of ATP directly onto the swabs; pipetting known levels of bacteria and yeast directly onto the swabs and swabbing samples of bacteria and yeast from a surface. None of these instruments and swab detection kits provided consistent, reproducible detection of ATP standards or ATP from microorganisms even at high concentrations. All of the swab kits/instruments showed poor linearity in measuring known quantities of ATP and showed high variability in ATP readings with replicate swabs containing identical concentrations of microorganisms. Since good linearity and reproducibility could be obtained using a liquid sample assay of ATP standards without swabs, it is suggested that the swab method itself may be unreliable. ATP may not be effectively released from microorganisms on swabs; ATP may adsorb to the swab interfering with detection and/or the swab might block light transmission. Swabs of bacterial/yeast suspensions dried on a sterilized surface, provided the most inconsistent ATP readings and lacked linearity. A reason for the poor detection of microbial ATP by surface swabbing could be the inability to pick up microorganisms effectively.     

社区卫生网络系统的设计与实现

介绍城市社区卫生网络系统建立的背景、硬件构成，主要功能模块特点及系统实施效果。     

Effects of bedding with recycled sand on lying behaviors,udder hygiene,and preference of lactating Holstein dairy cows

Effects of bedding with recycled sand and season on lying behaviors, hygiene, and preferences of late-lactation Holstein cows were studied. It was hypothesized that recycled sand will decrease lying time and increase hygiene scores due to increased moisture content and organic matter, and thus a preference for the control sand will be evident. Cows (n = 64) were divided into 4 groups (n = 8 per group) per season. In summer (August to September), cows were balanced by days in milk (268.1 ± 11.9 d) and parity (2.0 ± 0.2). In winter (January to February), mean DIM was 265.5 ± 34.1 d. Cows were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments using a crossover design with each treatment lasting 7 d (no-choice phase): bedding with recycled sand (RS; n = 32) or control (CO; clean sand; n = 32). Stocking density was maintained at 100%. The choice phase allowed cows to have access to either treatment with stocking density at 50%. Accelerometers recorded daily lying time, number of lying bouts per day, lying bout duration (min/bout), and total steps per day. Teat swabs, milk, sand samples, and udder hygiene scores were collected on d 0, 3, and 7 of each experimental week. Samples were cultured for streptococci, staphylococci, and gram-negative bacteria. Video data were used to assess bedding preferences. All data were analyzed using the MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Lying time was not affected by treatment, but cows did take more steps during winter. Bacterial counts were elevated for cows on recycled sand. A preference was observed for clean sand during the summer, but no preference was observed for sand during the winter. Regardless of bedding, the most commonly observed behavior was lying in the stalls, which suggested either bedding might be suitable. Caution should be used with this interpretation of preference, as sand was recycled only once. This limited reclamation was still sufficient to potentially alter the composition of sand, driving the observed preference. If these changes in composition continue, then the strength of the preference may also change. However, considering all variables within the current study, recycled sand is a viable bedding source to use for dairy cows.