Standardization and validation of ATP luminometry as a diagnostic tool to assess the cleanliness of feeding equipment in preweaning calves

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to standardize a reliable and repeatable swabbing technique using ATP luminometry (light emission proportional to the amount of ATP with result provided in relative light units [RLU]) to describe the cleanliness of various feeding equipment used for preweaning calves in dairy farms. A total of 7 Québec commercial dairy herds were selected conveniently. Following visual hygiene scoring, the cleanliness of every available piece of feeding equipment was assessed using direct surface swabbing for buckets and nipples with Hygiena UltraSnap swabs. A liquid rinsing technique was used for esophageal feeders, bottles, and automatic milk feeders (AMF) with UltraSnap, AquaSnap, and MicroSnap swabs. To validate direct swabbing technique of buckets, a stage within and between operators was realized, as well as a conventional bacterial culture. A total of 519 swab samples were obtained from 201 pieces of equipment. The median (interquartile range) contamination in RLU for a bottle, esophageal feeder, AMF, bucket and nipple was 2 (1;6), 2 (0;12), 52 (19;269), 886 (128;7,230) and 899 (142;6,928), respectively. The direct swabbing technique, which consists in swabbing directly the surface of an equipment, showed excellent correlation for intrarater reliability (intraclass correlation (ICC) = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88–0.96). The interoperator (2 sessions with 3 different operators) reliability also showed high correlation (ICC = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.78–0.94 for the first session, and ICC = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.79–0.95 for the second session). Luminometer values were positively associated with the visual score of esophageal feeders, AMF and buckets. A positive correlation between bacterial culture and direct swabbing of buckets was also found for the UltraSnap (r_s = 0.653; 95% CI: 0.283–0.873; P = 0.0003) and MicroSnap (r_s = 0.569, 95% CI: 0.309–0.765; P = 0.002). This study describes a standardized and practical on-farm swabbing technique for assessing the hygienic status of feeding equipment by luminometry, which can be integrated in the investigation of preweaning dairy calves problems.     

Five dimensions of cleansing: A holistic view on the facets and importance of skin cleansing

Cleansing is an important human ritual practised for hygiene, well-being and relaxation over centuries. As part of body care it is often taken for granted, yet its relevance cannot be underestimated. Although cleansing the skin may seem trivial to some, it is accepted, that this fundamental function of skin cleansing products is highly complex, diverse and crucial for a variety of reasons in the personal, public, healthcare and dermatological settings. Employing a comprehensive and strategic approach in viewing cleansing and its rituals, supports innovation, understanding and development. Apart from being a fundamental function, as far as we know, there is no comprehensive presentation of skin cleansing with all its effects besides ‘removing dirt’. To our knowledge, comprehensive analyses on the multi-dimensional facets of skin cleansing are either rare or not published. Against this background, we examine the importance of cleansing in terms of function, relevance and concepts. First, the key functions and efficacies of skin cleansing were investigated by literature research. Based on this survey, the functions were analysed, sorted and merged and a novel approach to skin cleansing ‘dimensions’ was developed. Herewith, we took into consideration the evolution of skin cleansing in terms of concept evolution, complexity and testing methods for cleansing products and their claims. Several multi-dimensional functions of skin cleansing were identified and then established into five skin cleansing dimensions, namely: hygienic and medical importance; socio-cultural and interpersonal relevance; mood, emotion and well-being; cosmetic and aesthetic function; corneobiological interactions. It became obvious, that these five dimensions with their corresponding 11 sub-dimensions, are influenced by each other throughout history by culture and society, technical progress, scientific knowledge and consumer trends. This article presents the enormous complexity of skin cleansing. Skin cleansing has evolved from basic care up to a highly complex and diverse cosmetic product category in terms of technology, efficacy and usage routine(s). In view of future challenges, such as the effects of climate and associated lifestyle changes, the development of skin cleansing will remain an exciting and important topic and thus will finally, again, further increase the complexity of skin cleansing itself.     

葡萄酒质量安全风险与管理

食品卫生关系到广大人民群众的身体健康,一直是全社会关注的热点.随着中国葡萄酒产业的快速发展,消费者对国产葡萄酒的关注度逐渐提高.葡萄酒卫生不仅影响产品质量,也关系到葡萄酒形象和品牌崛起.葡萄酒卫生涉及原料生产、加工,产品贮运、销售整个过程,涵盖为保证葡萄酒安全性、有益性和完好性而采取的全部措施.葡萄酒的质量安全风险主要由两部分构成:一是葡萄原料安全,二是葡萄酒酿造加工过程安全.在葡萄酒生产过程中,为了实现对其质量的主动精确控制,需要利用HACCP原理,通过危害分析和关键控制点技术,采取相应的预防和控制措施.此外,葡萄酒生产企业在具体实践时,还应加强卫生方面的组织管理,如设立食品安全小组,重视生产环境的清洗和消毒,保证员工的健康并对其进行适当的培训指导.结合我国现行标准和生产实践,从葡萄酒质量安全风险、葡萄酒质量安全管理原则(危害鉴别原则、企业实施原则、清洗和消毒原则)两方面,详细阐述了葡萄酒的卫生和安全管理,以期为葡萄酒及果酒企业的规范化生产提供参考.     

ATP 荧光检测法检测医院电梯按钮表面细菌总数

使用 ATP 荧光快速检测法测定了北京大学深圳医院 16 部电梯按钮表面的细菌总数。按照 GB15982-2012评价标准评价,消毒前合格率为 72.92%,消毒后合格率为 93.75%。ATP 发光强度对数值与表面细菌总数对数值线性关系为 y ＝ 1.12048x － 0.66611,相关系数 R2 ＝ 0.95797。分析主要影响因素为人员类型及人流量。ATP 荧光检测法能够快速、准确对医院电梯按钮表面细菌总数进行测定,可以有效反映医院公共卫生状况,防止交叉感染。