Lck激酶抑制剂的研究进展

淋巴细胞特异性蛋白酪氨酸激酶(Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase,Lck or p56Lck)是一种在T细胞和自然杀伤细胞中表达的Src家族的细胞质酪氨酸激酶。在T细胞活化中,Lck的激活是一个必要步骤,故选择性抑制Lck可以产生免疫抑制作用。此外,Lck激酶在其他细胞中的异位表达可以诱发细胞发生癌变,因此抑制Lck还能起到抗癌作用。本文综述了Lck激酶作用机理及近年来的Lck激酶抑制剂的最新进展。     

Parturition and hypocalcemia blunts calcium signals in immune cells of dairy cattle

The stress of parturition in the dairy cow is associated with increased susceptibility to infectious disease. During the periparturient period the demands for calcium are increased; these increased demands for calcium can result in subclinical or clinical hypocalcemia. Periparturient cows also experience significant immune suppression. Because intracellular calcium signaling is a key early feature in immune cell activation, we have hypothesized that the increased demand for calcium in periparturient cows may adversely affect intracellular calcium stores of immune cells. This reduction in intracellular calcium stores in immune cells could blunt intracellular calcium release following an activating stimulus, contributing to the immune suppression seen in these animals. To test this hypothesis, peripheral mononuclear cells were obtained from 27 multiparous dairy cows spanning a period of 2 wk before and 2 wk after parturition. Following activation of these cells by anti-CD3 antibodies plus secondary antibodies, intracellular calcium release from intracellular stores was measured. The intracellular calcium released in response to the activation signal declined as calcium demand for lactation became more intense and recovered as plasma calcium normalized. Intracellular calcium stores in peripheral mononuclear cells, estimated by pretreating cells with pervanadate and ionomycin, significantly decreased at parturition and returned to normal levels as the cows’ blood calcium returned to normal levels. Hypocalcemia, which is common in periparturient dairy cows, is associated with decreased intracellular calcium stores in peripheral mononuclear cells. Our data suggest that this is the cause of a blunted intracellular calcium release response to an immune cell activation signal. It is concluded that intracellular Ca stores decrease in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) before parturition and development of hypocalcemia. This suggests that systemic calcium stress precedes measurable hypocalcemia, particularly in cows that will develop milk fever. Therefore, PBMC intracellular Ca stores are a more sensitive measure of calcium stresses in transition cow. This decrease in PBMC intracellular Ca stores before parturition and the development of hypocalcemia contributes to periparturient immune suppression.     

Immunoproteasome β5i‐Selective Dipeptidomimetic Inhibitors

N,C‐capped dipeptides belong to a class of noncovalent proteasome inhibitors. Herein we report that the insertion of a β‐amino acid into N,C‐capped dipeptides markedly decreases their inhibitory potency against human constitutive proteasome β5c, while maintaining potent inhibitory activity against human immunoproteasome β5i, thereby achieving thousands‐fold selectivity for β5i over β5c. Structure–activity relationship studies revealed that β5c does not tolerate the β‐amino acid based dipeptidomimetics as does β5i. In vitro, one such compound was found to inhibit human T cell proliferation. Compounds of this class may have potential as therapeutics for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases with less mechanism‐based cytotoxicity than agents that also inhibit the constitutive proteasome.     

白玉菇多糖对免疫抑制型小鼠的免疫调节作用

目的:研究白玉菇多糖对免疫抑制型小鼠脾脏、胸腺的免疫调节作用。方法:经超声波辅助热水浸提及Sevage法去蛋白得到白玉菇精多糖(RPHM)。将小鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型对照组、阳性对照组、RPHM低剂量组(30 mg/kg bw/d)、RPHM中剂量组(60 mg/kg bw/d)、RPHM高剂量组(120 mg/kg bw/d),每天同时间段进行灌胃,灌胃15 d,建立环磷酰胺(CPA)免疫抑制型小鼠模型。取小鼠脾脏、胸腺,测定其体重、脏器指数;血清细胞因子、单核-巨噬细胞吞噬能力;外周白细胞、红细胞和血小板计数并观察脾脏、胸腺的形态学。结果:与模型组相比,RPHM中剂量组(60 mg/kg bw/d)、高剂量组(120 mg/kg bw/d)可明显提升免疫抑制型小鼠的毛色、活动情况、身体状况、食欲、体重、脾脏指数和胸腺指数、单核-巨噬细胞吞噬功能、骨髓造血功能等指标;也可在一定程度上提高免疫抑制型小鼠IL-2、IL-12、IFN-γ和TNF-α的水平,并改善IL-6的分泌异常情况;还可明显改善免疫抑制型小鼠脾脏、胸腺的病变,改善结构完整度。结论:RPHM对免疫抑制型小鼠的脾脏和胸腺有明显的免疫调节作用。     

免疫低下和食物过敏小鼠外周血中细胞因子的变化

建立小鼠免疫低下模型和食物过敏模型,采用ELISA法检测外周血中细胞因子(IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、IL-12、IFN-γ、TGF-β)的变化。结果表明：与空白对照组比较,腹腔注射环磷酰胺所建立免疫低下小鼠胸腺指数和脾脏指数均有显著降低(P≤0.05),且在第3天达到最低;经卵清蛋白致敏小鼠外周血IgE水平极显著升高(P≤0.01)。免疫低下小鼠外周血中IFN-γ(除第3天外)、TGF-β含量(除第3天外)和IFN-γ/IL-4比值均显著降低,而IL-10水平也有下降趋势;除第2天外IL-6水平显著升高,但IL-4水平只在第3天显著性增高,IL-12先是下降随后呈现增多的趋势;食物过敏小鼠的IL-4、IL-6、IL-10和TGF-β水平均有显著性增高,IFN-γ/IL-4比值有显著性下降,而IFN-γ和IL-12没有明显的变化。因此,免疫低下和食物过敏小鼠的Th1/Th2细胞平衡均向Th2细胞偏移,免疫低下对Th1细胞的影响大,食物过敏对Th2细胞的影响更明显。     

灵菌红素的研究进展

灵菌红素是一类含甲氧基吡咯骨架结构的天然色素,是一些放线菌、沙雷菌及其他细菌的次级代谢产物,具有免疫抑制、抗细菌、抗真菌和抗疟疾等多种生物活性。最近研究表明灵菌红素有很强的抗肿瘤及免疫抑制活性,因而成为研究热点。现对灵菌红素的结构、生物活性、生产现状及发展趋势作一综述。