云南不同产地醇化雪茄烟叶微生物群落差异研究

为探讨云南不同产地醇化雪茄烟叶的微生物群落结构与国外优质雪茄烟叶的差异,以6个不同产地的7组雪茄烟叶为试验材料,采用高通量DNA测序技术,对烟叶样品中的细菌、真菌群落进行了微生物组学分析。结果显示,样本中细菌群落丰富度高于真菌。根据主要菌群丰度的相似性特征,能够对不同产地的样本进行聚类。在细菌方面,云南德宏、玉溪的烟叶与巴西烟叶群落结构最接近,其共有且相对丰度较高的主要菌属为Staphylococcus、Atopostipes、Corynebacterium、Pseudomonas及Brevibacterium。在真菌方面,同样是玉溪、德宏与巴西、多米尼加的样本最接近,它们之间共有且丰度较高的类群是Aspergillaceae科的1个属、Alternaria属、Aspergillus属、Wallemia属以及Cladosporium属等。这些微生物可能对降解烟草中的大分子有机物起到积极作用。     

γ-聚谷氨酸高产菌株的筛选及改良酸化植烟土壤效果研究

为挖掘具有缓解植烟土壤酸化能力的微生物菌株,采用盆栽试验和大田试验相结合的方法,应用生物形态学和分子生物学筛选鉴定了γ-聚谷氨酸（γ-PGA）高产菌株并研究其对酸化植烟土壤的改良效果。结果表明：（1）从黄土高原干旱土壤中筛选得到一株谷氨酸非依赖型γ-PGA高产菌株副地衣芽孢杆菌285-3(Bacillus paralicheniformis);(2)菌株285-3可有效缓解根系分泌物和复合肥料导致的土壤酸化,土壤pH平均提高0.3个单位以上;（3）菌株285-3配施有机肥,可显著降低酸化植烟土壤可交换酸度,对烟草青枯病的防效达到47.05%,同时提高烟叶产质量。综上所述,副地衣芽孢杆菌285-3对酸化植烟土壤有较好的改良效果,与有机肥合用具有控病和提高烟叶产质量的作用。     

Trehalose and proline failed to enhance cold tolerance of the cowpea weevil,Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Col.: Bruchidae)

The cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Col.: Bruchidae) is a cosmopolitan field-to-store pest ranked as the major post-harvest pest of cowpea in tropical regions. The cold tolerance of an insect species can vary as a result of abiotic features including food resources. In this study, C. maculatus larvae were fed with proline and trehalose (10, 20, and 40 mmol) treated cowpea seeds to determine the effects of these potential cryoprotectants on the supercooling (SCP) and cold hardiness of the upcoming adult beetles. The SCPs of the control, proline-fed and trehalose-fed adults non-significantly changed from −18.2 °C for the control to −17.2 °C for trehalose-fed adults. The cold hardiness (24 h at 0, -5.0, −7.5, −10.0, and −12.5 °C) of the adults was almost the same for control and treatments. Median lethal times (LT₅₀; lethal time for 50% mortality) were 6.3, 6.0, and 5.4 h, respectively. Moreover, feeding the larvae with proline and trehalose-treated seeds did not affect the proline and trehalose contents of the adult beetles. Our results showed that C. maculatus could not tolerate subzero temperatures well above their SCP, indicating that this species might be a chill-susceptible insect.     

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke during pregnancy and infancy increased the risk of upper respiratory tract infections in infants: A birth cohort study in Wuhan,China

We aimed to evaluate the association of the exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) during pregnancy and infancy with the risk of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in infants based on a Chinese birth cohort study. Among 4178 infants who constituted the final study population, 46.8% experienced URTI in their first year of life. The hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the risk of URTI were assessed using Cox regression models. Compared with no ETS during pregnancy, continued ETS during pregnancy was independently associated with a higher risk of URTI (HR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.63) after adjustment for potential confounders and also associated with earlier occurrence of URTI (log-rank P = .002). The association remained consistent across the strata defined according to maternal age, number of siblings, sex, and breastfeeding. Exposure to ETS during infancy was associated with URTI only among infants who were breastfed for less than 12 months (P for interaction < 0.05).Furthermore, infants exposed to ETS during both pregnancy and infancy showed the highest HR of 1.46 (95% CI: 1.16, 1.85) for URTI. Efforts should be made to protect pregnant women and infants from the adverse effects of indoor and outdoor ETS.     

计及分块和层级结构融合的配电系统可靠性评估

提出了一种计及分块和层级结构融合的配电系统可靠性评估算法。该文首先依据功能的差异将块分为手动块和自动块2类,并提出了一种基于可达矩阵的分块方法。在此基础上,构建了手动块层级结构和自动块层级结构,以分别求解负荷节点的故障持续时间和故障率。层级结构自电源点开始向下蔓延至系统边界节点。为了避免重复计算,在计算到每一层时即记录下该层的可靠性数据,并以该层为新的根节点蔓延。该算法结合了分块、最小路法和层级结构的优点,操作性强且效率高。此外,该算法可直接获取指定负荷点的可靠性指标,适合于分析含重要电力用户的配电系统的可靠性。     

加拿大标准钢熔化焊焊工评定解读

随着中国钢结构制造企业进军加拿大建造市场,按照CSA W47.1标准对焊接操作人员进行评定成为必然选择。从适用范围、有效期、评定内容、重要变素、焊后试验等方面,详细解读了CSA W47.1标准焊工评定的操作要点,能更好地为加拿大钢结构标准焊工评定服务,对承揽相关业务的企业具有一定的借鉴和指导意义。     

Alterations in Serum Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids in Patients with Mild to Moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Smoking is a major risk factor for several diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To better understand the systemic effects of cigarette smoke exposure and mild to moderate COPD—and to support future biomarker development—we profiled the serum lipidomes of healthy smokers, smokers with mild to moderate COPD (GOLD stages 1 and 2), former smokers, and never-smokers (n = 40 per group) (ClinicalTrials.gov registration: {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01780298","term_id":"NCT01780298"}}NCT01780298). Serum lipidome profiling was conducted with untargeted and targeted mass spectrometry-based lipidomics. Guided by weighted lipid co-expression network analysis, we identified three main trends comparing smokers, especially those with COPD, with non-smokers: a general increase in glycero(phospho)lipids, including triglycerols; changes in fatty acid desaturation (decrease in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and an increase in monounsaturated fatty acids); and an imbalance in eicosanoids (increase in 11,12- and 14,15-DHETs (dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids), and a decrease in 9- and 13-HODEs (hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids)). The lipidome profiles supported classification of study subjects as smokers or non-smokers, but were not sufficient to distinguish between smokers with and without COPD. Overall, our study yielded further insights into the complex interplay between smoke exposure, lung disease, and systemic alterations in serum lipid profiles.     

Monte-Carlo抽样法在边坡可靠性分析中的应用研究

针对复杂边坡可靠性分析时,功能函数具有高度非线性和隐式表达的特性,为克服传统边坡可靠性分析解决此类问题的不足,将Monte-Carlo重要抽样与响应面法相结合,利用响应面法实现边坡极限状态函数的显式表达,并确定设计验算点,以该点为新的抽样中心应用Monte-Carlo重要抽样计算边坡的失效概率。通过两个算例进行了分析,结果表明:该方法在保证精度的同时提高计算效率,适于解决含有大量随机变量的复杂边坡工程可靠性分析。     

不同产地烟草精油的提取及化学组成分析

选取四川、贵州和福建三地烟草为原料,用水中蒸馏法提取烟草精油。采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)仪对不同产地烟草精油的组成及含量进行分析,比较了不同产地对产物产率及组成的影响。研究结果表明:产自福建、四川和贵州的烟草平均得率分别为0.1391%、0.0851%和0.1075%,相应的新植二烯分别为39.86%、36.12%和44.88%。对比分析显示:产自福建的烟草得油率最高,特征香气适中;产自贵州的烟草精油得油率适中,烟草香气突出,有明显甘草香气;产自四川的烟草精油得油率较低,香气较弱。     

土壤调理剂及复合微生物菌剂防治烟草青枯病盆栽试验

通过盆栽试验研究了土壤调理剂及复合微生物菌剂对防治烟草青枯病的效果,并与PPF促生真菌试验效果进行了对比。试验结果表明,复合微生物菌剂和土壤调理剂对烟草青枯病均有较好的防治效果,其中复合微生物菌剂在促进烟株生长和防治烟草青枯病方面表现更好。