Short communication: Repeatability of intravenous glucose tolerance test traits in young Holstein-Friesian cattle

Few studies have compared individual variability of an intravenous glucose tolerance test (ivGTT) obtained daily in young cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the repeatability of glucose traits and insulin responses derived from ivGTT during 3 consecutive days in Holstein-Friesian cattle (bulls: n = 4, steers: n = 3, heifers: n = 3). Blood collections were performed from min 0 (basal concentrations) to min 63 (last measurement). Additional estimates included maximal concentration for glucose and insulin, glucose half-life time (GHLT), and glucose and insulin area under the curve. Glucose traits showed higher repeatability when compared with insulin responses. On average, the glucose trait and insulin response with the lowest coefficient of variation was GHLT (0.7%) and insulin area under the curve (21.3%), respectively. In addition, a general linear model with repeated measures was used to test for significant differences in glucose and insulin concentrations over time at different trial days. Both glucose and insulin concentrations were influenced by time point but not by trial day or time point × trial day. The results from this study showed that individual insulin responses were more variable than glucose traits. The high repeatability of GHLT evidenced the strict regulatory glucose disposal mechanisms occurring in young Holstein-Friesian cattle, whereas insulin responses showed high variability despite controlled management and nutritional practices.     

Alterations of Gut Microbiota by Overnutrition Impact Gluconeogenic Gene Expression and Insulin Signaling

A high-fat, Western-style diet is an important predisposing factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes and obesity. It causes changes in gut microbial profile, reduction of microbial diversity, and the impairment of the intestinal barrier, leading to increased serum lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) levels. Elevated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces acetyltransferase P300 both in the nucleus and cytoplasm of liver hepatocytes through the activation of the IRE1-XBP1 pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum stress. In the nucleus, induced P300 acetylates CRTC2 to increase CRTC2 abundance and drives Foxo1 gene expression, resulting in increased expression of the rate-limiting gluconeogenic gene G6pc and Pck1 and abnormal liver glucose production. Furthermore, abnormal cytoplasm-appearing P300 acetylates IRS1 and IRS2 to disrupt insulin signaling, leading to the prevention of nuclear exclusion and degradation of FOXO1 proteins to further exacerbate the expression of G6pc and Pck1 genes and liver glucose production. Inhibition of P300 acetyltransferase activity by chemical inhibitors improved insulin signaling and alleviated hyperglycemia in obese mice. Thus, P300 acetyltransferase activity appears to be a therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity.     

基于手机大数据的动态人口感知

随着通信市场迅速发展和手机的高普及率，利用手机数据研究人类活动和城市规划发展成为可能.本文主要工作是构建了大数据实时处理分析平台，并基于此平台提出了一种利用手机数据感知城市人口分布的方法.通过实验表明，基于手机数据的动态人口感知能够反映实际城市人口分布，对于城市交通监管、公共资源配置优化等方面具有重要意义.     

Differential Signaling by Protease-Activated Receptors: Implications for Therapeutic Targeting

Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of four G protein-coupled receptors that exhibit increasingly appreciated differences in signaling and regulation both within and between the receptor class. By nature of their proteolytic self-activation mechanism, PARs have unique processes of receptor activation, “ligand” binding, and desensitization/resensitization. These distinctive aspects have presented both challenges and opportunities in the targeting of PARs for therapeutic benefit—the most notable example of which is inhibition of PAR1 on platelets for the prevention of arterial thrombosis. However, more recent studies have uncovered further distinguishing features of PAR-mediated signaling, revealing mechanisms by which identical proteases elicit distinct effects in the same cell, as well as how distinct proteases produce different cellular consequences via the same receptor. Here we review this differential signaling by PARs, highlight how important distinctions between PAR1 and PAR4 are impacting on the progress of a new class of anti-thrombotic drugs, and discuss how these more recent insights into PAR signaling may present further opportunities for manipulating PAR activation and signaling in the development of novel therapies.     

植物花青素通过JNK信号通路抗肿瘤机制研究进展

文章综述了JNK信号通路的组成及活化机制,总结了植物花青素通过该信号通路抑制乳腺癌、前列腺癌、肝癌等恶性肿瘤发生、增殖、侵袭和凋亡的能力,以期为植物花青素应用于功能食品和药品的开发提供依据。     

Squamosamide Derivative FLZ Protects Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Oxidative Stress through Activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-AKT Signaling

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell apoptosis is attributed to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathogenesis. FLZ, a novel synthetic squamosamide derivative from a Chinese herb, Annona glabra, has displayed significant cyto-protective activity. In the current study, we explored the pro-survival effect of FLZ in oxidative stressed-RPE cells and studied the underlying signaling mechanisms. Our results showed that FLZ attenuated hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced viability decrease and apoptosis in the RPE cell line (ARPE-19 cells) and in primary mouse RPE cells. Western blotting results showed that FLZ activated AKT signaling in RPE cells. The AKT-specific inhibitor, MK-2206, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pan inhibitor, wortmannin, and AKT1-shRNA (short hairpin RNA) depletion almost abolished FLZ-mediated pro-survival/anti-apoptosis activity. We discovered that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) trans-activation mediated FLZ-induced AKT activation and the pro-survival effect in RPE cells, and the anti-apoptosis effect of FLZ against H₂O₂ was inhibited by the EGFR inhibitor, PD153035, or by EGFR shRNA-knockdown. In conclusion, FLZ protects RPE cells from oxidative stress through activation of EGFR-AKT signaling, and our results suggest that FLZ might have therapeutic values for AMD.     

天麻素联合地塞米松保护缺糖缺氧诱导的H9C2细胞损伤

目的：探讨天麻素（gastrodin, GAS）联合地塞米松（dexamethasone, DEX）在缺糖缺氧诱导心肌细胞损伤中的作用及可能机制。方法：建立缺糖缺氧细胞（oxygen-glucose deprivation, OGD）模型,细胞分为5组,即正常对照组（normal group）,缺糖缺氧组（OGD group）,DEX组,GAS组,DEX+GAS组。利用CCK-8实验检测各组心肌细胞活性,利用比色法检测乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的活性;利用TUNEL法检测各组心肌细胞的凋亡情况;利用ELISA实验检测各组心肌细胞培养液中炎性因子;利用Western blot检测各组心肌细胞中Notch1、Bax、Bcl-2及Beclin1的表达情况。结果：结果显示GAS与DEX联合使用可显著提高损伤心肌细胞的活性,减少心肌细胞的凋亡;降低促炎因子TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的产生及促进抑炎因子IL-10的产生,降低LDH的释放;Western blot结果显示GAS与DEX联合使用可促进Notch信号通路中Notch1的表达,显著降低受损心肌细胞中促凋亡蛋白Bax的表达,促进抑凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达,促进自噬相关基因Beclin1的表达。 结论：GAS与DEX联合使用,可能通过促进Notch信号通路的激活,促进其自噬,提高细胞的活性,抑制心肌细胞的凋亡,减轻炎症反应,从而减轻OGD诱导的心肌细胞损伤。     

基于信令的用户感知问题诊断系统研发及应用

针对当前运营商对终端与网络协同发展的关注,提出了基于信令的用户感知问题诊断系统。该系统聚焦于终端信令的采集、统计和分析,问题定位和解决措施。应用场景显示该系统对网络与终端协同发展提供信令级支撑工具,为提升网络质量和客户感知提供可行的技术手段,该系统和思路可扩展应用于长期演进(LTE)网络的用户感知问题诊断。     

基于信令的用户感知问题诊断系统研发及应用

针对当前运营商对终端与网络协同发展的关注,提出了基于信令的用户感知问题诊断系统。该系统聚焦于终端信令的采集、统计和分析,给出问题定位和解决措施。应用场景显示该系统对网络与终端协同发展提供信令级支撑工具,为提升网络质量和客户感知提供可行的技术手段,经二次开发后该系统和思路可扩展应用于长期演进(LTE)网络的用户感知问题诊断。