膳食纤维与肠道微生物及相关疾病的研究进展

肠道微生物与人体长期共生,且与人体健康和疾病密切相关,膳食纤维通过改变肠道微生物的种类与数量,间接影响其在肠道中的代谢产物,进而影响人体的健康与疾病。肠道微生物与膳食纤维密切合作,对人体健康的影响意义重大。本文介绍了膳食纤维的定义、膳食纤维的生理功能、膳食纤维的最适摄入量、肠道微生物及其生理功能、膳食纤维对肠道微生物的影响、膳食纤维及肠道微生物对肥胖、炎症、结直肠癌、妊娠合并症及心脑血管疾病的影响,为通过调整膳食纤维治疗疾病的实践提供参考。     

Intentionally induced intestinal barrier dysfunction causes inflammation,affects metabolism,and reduces productivity in lactating Holstein cows

Study objectives were to evaluate the effects of intentionally reduced intestinal barrier function on productivity, metabolism, and inflammatory indices in otherwise healthy dairy cows. Fourteen lactating Holstein cows (parity 2.6 ± 0.3; 117 ± 18 d in milk) were enrolled in 2 experimental periods. Period 1 (5 d) served as the baseline for period 2 (7 d), during which cows received 1 of 2 i.v. treatments twice per day: sterile saline or a gamma-secretase inhibitor (GSI; 1.5 mg/kg of body weight). Gamma-secretase inhibitors reduce intestinal barrier function by inhibiting crypt cell differentiation into absorptive enterocytes. During period 2, control cows receiving sterile saline were pair-fed (PF) to the GSI-treated cows, and all cows were killed at the end of period 2. Administering GSI increased goblet cell area 218, 70, and 28% in jejunum, ileum, and colon, respectively. In the jejunum, GSI-treated cows had increased crypt depth and reduced villus height, villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, cell proliferation, and mucosal surface area. Plasma lipopolysaccharide binding protein increased with time, and tended to be increased 42% in GSI-treated cows relative to PF controls on d 5 to 7. Circulating haptoglobin and serum amyloid A concentrations increased (585- and 4.4-fold, respectively) similarly in both treatments. Administering GSI progressively reduced dry matter intake (66%) and, by design, the pattern and magnitude of decreased nutrient intake was similar in PF controls. A similar progressive decrease (42%) in milk yield occurred in both treatments, but we observed no treatment effects on milk components. Cows treated with GSI tended to have increased plasma insulin (68%) and decreased circulating nonesterified fatty acids (29%) compared with PF cows. For both treatments, plasma glucose decreased with time while β-hydroxybutyrate progressively increased. Liver triglycerides increased 221% from period 1 to sacrifice in both treatments. No differences were detected in liver weight, liver moisture, or body weight change. Intentionally compromising intestinal barrier function caused inflammation, altered metabolism, and markedly reduced feed intake and milk yield. Further, we demonstrated that progressive feed reduction appeared to cause leaky gut and inflammation.     

人体肠道菌群对大豆皂苷Ⅱ的体外代谢转化

为考察人体肠道菌群对大豆皂苷Ⅱ的体外代谢转化作用,在牛脑牛心培养液(BHI)和磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)两种离体模型下,研究了大豆皂苷Ⅱ在48 h内被肠道菌群代谢转化过程,并用HPLC/MS系统对其转化产物进行分析鉴定。结果显示,大豆皂苷Ⅱ先被菌群酶转化为大豆皂苷Ⅳ,在48 h被最终转化为大豆皂苷元B,表明大豆皂苷在肠道微生物作用下,其糖基被逐步水解生成相对分子质量更小、疏水性更强的代谢物。     

Effects of Enterococcus faecium (SF68) on immune function in mice

Probiotics exert health benefits on human and animals when administered in adequate amounts. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of Enterococcus faecium (SF68) on intestinal colonisation and immune function of BALB/c mice. Six-week-old female BALB/c mice were orally administered with E. faecium (SF68). Results showed that the total anaerobe and lactobacilli in the faeces increased (P < 0.05), while the number of faecal enterobacteria decreased (P < 0.05) in E. faecium-fed mice. Furthermore, supplementation of E. faecium (SF68) increased the percentage of double positive (DP) cells in peripheral blood, the concentration of plasma IgG, and the levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in splenocytes of the mice (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that E. faecium SF68 affects the intestinal microbial flora and modulates the immune responses, which indicates a viable probiotic characteristic of E. faecium SF68 in modification of immune function.     

多酚通过肠道菌群调节能量代谢研究进展

多酚是一类植物次生代谢产物,广泛存在于人类膳食中,一般可分为3大类：酚酸类、聚合单宁类和黄酮类。多酚以及其被肠道菌群代谢的产物,能选择性调节肠道中易感微生物的生长,选择性的促进有益菌群(如乳酸菌)生长,抑制有害菌的增殖,也即引发肠道微生态的改变。这种改变对宿主产生重要影响,对宿主能量代谢的影响可能通过如下实现：1)肠道内微生物数量和种类的变化,改变微生物代谢及产酶的种类和数量;2)多酚代谢产物还可与细菌细胞表面作用,抑制酶的活性,从而影响能量代谢,减少脂肪沉积;3)多酚通过干预人体肠道菌群调整能量代谢,为预防和治疗肥胖及相关性疾病提供了新的研究思路。本文对多酚调整肠道菌群从而影响肥胖发生的作用机制进行了综述。     

人乳与牛乳N-链寡糖组对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的:探究人乳N-链寡糖组(human milk N-glycome,HMN)与牛乳N-链寡糖组(bovine milk N-glycome,BMN)对小鼠肠道菌群的影响.方法:以C57BL/6J雄性小鼠为对象,首先在体外测定粪便菌群中与N-链寡糖相关的糖苷酶活性,并模拟粪便菌群对HMN与BMN的利用;然后将小鼠随机分...     

Ⅱ型糖尿病与肠道菌群及益生菌的相关性研究进展

Ⅱ型糖尿病是一种常见的慢性代谢性疾病,其发病机制十分复杂,其中肠道菌群在其发病早期和加重过程中都起着重要的作用。益生菌作为调节肠道菌群的有效手段,可以通过改善肠道通透性、调节血脂、增强机体免疫力等多种机制对II型糖尿病起到预防和改善作用。现就近年来肠道菌群和2型糖尿病的相关性以及益生菌的作用研究进展作一综述。     

副干酪乳杆菌LPC-F通过促进Cajal间质细胞增殖缓解便秘

便秘(constipation)是一类常见的胃肠道疾病,其发病率呈逐年上升的趋势.临床研究发现,便秘患者肠道菌群失调.通过赋予机体一定量的活性益生菌来调节肠道菌群,已然成为治疗便秘的重要手段.因此,该研究选取2株具有不同缓解便秘效果的副干酪乳杆菌进行研究.通过对便秘相关指标的检测,再次证实仅有来源于健康成人粪便中的副干...     

气调醇化过程中片烟细菌群落结构的变化

气调醇化是片烟醇化的一种方法。微生物尤其是细菌在片烟醇化过程中对烟叶的吸食品质起着至关重要的作用。为研究气调醇化过程中片烟细菌群落结构变化规律,利用Illumina MiSeq测序平台比较气调防霉杀虫阶段（S1）、气调醇化阶段（S2）及气调保质阶段（S3）共36份样品的细菌16S rDNA序列的多样性。结果表明,从S1到S3的过程中,片烟中细菌的物种丰富度和多样性水平呈增加趋势。S1阶段片烟的优势种群为鞘氨醇单胞菌属、假单胞菌属和甲基杆菌属,其占比在整个气调醇化过程中呈逐渐下降趋势;S2阶段的优势种群为芽孢杆菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属和伯克霍尔德菌属,其中芽孢杆菌属和伯克霍尔德菌属在整个气调醇化过程中占比呈先上升后下降的趋势;S3阶段细菌种群分布较为均匀。非度量多维尺度分析结果表明,3个醇化阶段的样品可以较明显地区分开来。可见,气调醇化过程中片烟的细菌种群组成非常丰富,不同醇化阶段活跃的微生物类群有所不同,鞘氨醇单胞菌属、假单胞菌属和甲基杆菌属主要在醇化前期参与了烟叶醇化过程,而芽孢杆菌属和伯克霍尔德菌属则主要在醇化后期发挥着微生物醇化的作用。     

苦荞对高脂膳食诱导小鼠生理及肠道菌群的影响

以苦荞为研究对象,通过高脂膳食诱导建立血脂代谢紊乱小鼠模型,利用高效液相色谱和平板计数对血 脂代谢指标及肠道菌群的变化规律及其相关性进行研究,初步探究了苦荞对血脂代谢紊乱小鼠生理及肠道菌群的 影响。结果表明：高脂膳食可引发小鼠血脂代谢紊乱,苦荞淀粉和蛋白均能显著降低血脂指标（血清总胆固醇、 甘油三酯、低密度胆固醇）的水平（P＜0.05）,并基本恢复至空白组的水平。通过平板计数对各组小鼠的肠道主 要菌群（双歧杆菌、乳酸菌、大肠杆菌、肠球菌）检测,发现苦荞淀粉和苦荞蛋白干预组的小鼠肠道菌中有益菌 （双歧杆菌、乳酸菌、肠球菌）数量均显著高于高脂组（P＜0.05）,有害菌（大肠杆菌）数量则显著低于高脂组 （P＜0.05）。此外,相关性分析结果表明,苦荞中蛋白和淀粉均可吸附胆汁酸与胆固醇并促进其排泄,从而不仅 能调节血脂代谢又能调节肠道菌群平衡,同时,肠道菌群中益生菌比例的增多和有害菌比例的降低又对血脂代谢调 节与抑制氧化应激有着一定促进作用。因此,苦荞对血脂代谢调节作用可能与其促进胆酸排泄、调节肠道菌群平 衡、改善氧化应激等方面有着密切关系。