The Inflammatory Conspiracy in Multiple Sclerosis: A Crossroads of Clues and Insights through Mast Cells,Platelets, Inflammation,Gut Microbiota,Mood Disorders and Stem Cells

Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic neurological disease characterized by demyelination and axonal loss. This pathology, still largely of unknown etiology, carries within it a complex series of etiopathogenetic components of which it is difficult to trace the origin. An inflammatory state is likely to be the basis of the pathology. Crucial elements of the inflammatory process are the interactions between platelets and mast cells as well as the bacterial component of the intestinal microbiota. In addition, the involvement of mast cells in autoimmune demyelinating diseases has been shown. The present work tries to hang up on that Ariadne’s thread which, in the molecular complexity of the interactions between mast cells, platelets, microbiota and inflammation, characterizes Multiple Sclerosis and attempts to bring the pathology back to the causal determinism of psychopathological phenomenology. Therefore, we consider the possibility that the original error of Multiple Sclerosis can be investigated in the genetic origin of the depressive pathology.     

Illumina技术研究不同喂养方式婴儿肠道菌群差异

目的:比较母乳喂养、混合喂养和人工喂养婴儿肠道微生物区系的差异,探讨喂养方式对婴儿肠道菌群的影响。方法:采用Illumina高通量测序技术对24份1～6个月内婴儿粪便中所有微生物的16SrRNA-V6区进行测序检测。结果:门水平上,3组均以Firmicutes和Proteobacteria为优势菌门;科水平上,Enterobacteriaceae在3组中均为优势菌,但在人工喂养组婴儿粪便菌群中所占的比例(50.82%)明显高于母乳喂养组(28.66%),混合喂养组为41.44%;Veillonellaceae和Bacteroidaceae在母乳喂养组婴儿粪便中是优势菌,相对丰度(21.42%和12.82%)明显高于混合喂养组(3.65%和4.32%)和人工喂养组(3.25%和0.04%);Bifidobacteriaceae在母乳喂养婴儿粪便中的数量仅占总菌数的8.16%,但高于混合喂养组(6.16%)和人工喂养组(1.48%)。结论:不同喂养方式婴儿肠道菌群存在明显差异,Illumina高通量测序技术为婴儿肠道菌群的研究提供了更加准确、科学的数据资源。     

功能性低聚糖和肠道健康的关系

针对生活习惯病与生活习惯和饮食有着密切关系这一问题,详细介绍了膳食与生活习惯病的关系、人体健康同肠道菌群的关系及增加人体肠道有益菌的方法,认为除了积极锻炼身体、保持良好的生活习惯和心态外,积极摄食整肠类功能性食品是补充肠道有益菌的有效办法之一;第二种方法是食用益生元,主要是功能性低聚糖。     

不同区段小鼠小肠类器官体外培养方法建立

肠道是食物营养物质消化吸收的主要器官,良好的肠道体外培养模型有助于推动新型食物营养物质及功能活性物质的吸收及功效评价方法建立.本文以含有肠道干细胞的肠道隐窝为基础,通过优化不同区段小肠隐窝分离方法和体外培养基组成,建立一套完整的不同区段小肠类器官(包括十二指肠、空肠和回肠)培养方法.采用免疫荧光和RT-PCR方法进一步...     

Regulation of the intestinal tight junction by natural polyphenols: A mechanistic perspective

Impairment of the epithelial barrier function is closely linked to the pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal diseases, food allergies, type I diabetes, and other systematic diseases. Plant-derived polyphenols are natural secondary metabolites and exert various physiological benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-aging effects. Recent studies also show the role of plant polyphenols in regulation of the intestinal barrier and prevention of intestinal inflammatory diseases. Here we summarize the regulatory pathways and mediators linking polyphenols to their beneficial effects on tight junction and gut epithelial barrier functions, and provide useful information about using polyphenols as nutraceuticals for intestinal diseases.     

人肠道菌群的生理功能

讨论了人肠道菌群的代谢特征和寄主的关系,论述了肠道菌群在营养方面的作用,可为益肠胃食品和药品的开发提供借鉴。     

L-阿拉伯糖生理活性研究进展

L-阿拉伯糖是植物中特有的五碳醛糖,具有良好的理化性质和健康功能,可广泛应用于食品、化工、医药等各个领域.L-阿拉伯糖具有抑制蔗糖吸收、改善胰岛素抵抗、降低血清甘油三酯、减少脂肪生成和改善肠道环境等方面的生理活性.作者综述了近年来L-阿拉伯糖生理活性的研究进展及作用机制,为L-阿拉伯糖进一步开发利用提供依据.     

魔芋葡苷聚糖-水苏糖复合肠道制剂研究

研究了魔芋葡苷聚糖-水苏糖复合肠道制剂的润肠通便功能。采用动物试验,将小白鼠分成2批,第1批进行复合制剂剂量选择试验;第2批进行复合制剂比例选择试验.通过对正常对照组、便秘模型组及不同处理组小鼠6h内排便重量及粒数、首粒黑便时间和肠道推进率的影响来观察该复合制剂的润肠通便作用.结果表明:魔芋葡苷聚糖-水苏糖复合肠道制剂具有润肠通便功能,以2:1复合比例,剂量0.7 g/kg·bw效果最好。     

Prebiotic Potential and Chemical Composition of Seven Culinary Spice Extracts

The objective of this study was to investigate prebiotic potential, chemical composition, and antioxidant capacity of spice extracts. Seven culinary spices including black pepper, cayenne pepper, cinnamon, ginger, Mediterranean oregano, rosemary, and turmeric were extracted with boiling water. Major chemical constituents were characterized by RP‐HPLC‐DAD method and antioxidant capacity was determined by measuring colorimetrically the extent to scavenge ABTS radical cations. Effects of spice extracts on the viability of 88 anaerobic and facultative isolates from intestinal microbiota were determined by using Brucella agar plates containing serial dilutions of extracts. A total of 14 phenolic compounds, a piperine, cinnamic acid, and cinnamaldehyde were identified and quantitated. Spice extracts exhibited high antioxidant capacity that correlated with the total amount of major chemicals. All spice extracts, with the exception of turmeric, enhanced the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. All spices exhibited inhibitory activity against selected Ruminococcus species. Cinnamon, oregano, and rosemary were active against selected Fusobacterium strains and cinnamon, rosemary, and turmeric were active against selected Clostridium spp. Some spices displayed prebiotic‐like activity by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and suppressing the growth of pathogenic bacteria, suggesting their potential role in the regulation of intestinal microbiota and the enhancement of gastrointestinal health. The identification and quantification of spice‐specific phytochemicals provided insight into the potential influence of these chemicals on the gut microbial communities and activities. Future research on the connections between spice‐induced changes in gut microbiota and host metabolism and disease preventive effect in animal models and humans is needed.