四川古宋铜锣坝晚二叠世早期植物群

本文叙述的四川古宋铜锣坝筠连组植物群,与我国南方广大地区晚二叠世早期植物群性质基本一致。繁盛于中生代的苏铁纲和银杏纲植物,在本植物群中也较为丰富。此外对苏铁纲中的二个新种,进行了描述。     

安徽歙县连香树群落的植物区系特征分析

安徽歙县连香树群落中有种子植物52科、106属、128种(含种下分类单位).其中,裸子植物2科2属4种,分别占种子植物的3.8%、1.9%、3.1%;被子植物50科104属124种,分别占种子植物的96.2%、98.1%、96.9%.在各类属的地理成分中,以温带地理成分占较大优势.属的地理成分反映了群落区系的温带性质,并与其它各地的植物区系如热带植物区系有着广泛联系.     

The antimicrobial activity of donkey milk and its microflora changes during storage

The antimicrobial activity of donkey milk was initially scanned against nine microorganisms using agar diffusion assay, and was further investigated via in situ inhibition by monitoring the growth of Salmonella choleraesuis (CGMCC 1.1859) and Shigella dysenteriae (CGMCC 1.1869) in it. The changes of microflora of donkey milk during prolonged storage at 4 and 20 °C were also studied. The results of the agar diffusion showed that S. choleraesuis and S. dysenteriae were the most sensitive strains towards the antimicrobial activity of donkey milk. In situ test revealed that the donkey milk exerted a definite bactericidal activity against S. dysenteriae and the viable counts decreased to below detectable level in a 1-ml sample at 20 °C. In the microbiological flora analysis, initial raw donkey milk contained a low microbial content. At 20 °C, lactic acid bacteria, coliforms and fungi grew well in donkey milk to give a total number of 6.66 log cfu/ml, 5.88 and 2.95, respectively, after 24 h storage. At 4 °C, no significant changes of microflora were observed after 96 h except coliforms which gave an 1 log increase.     

Changes to herbaceous plant communities on a regulated desert river

Riparian plant communities are shaped by gradients of disturbance intensity and frequency and resource availability. Reservoir operation can alter the composition and abundance of riparian vegetation by changing the flood regime and by trapping fine sediments and associated nutrients within the reservoir system. We examined differences in herbaceous species richness, abundance and composition in Populus‐Salix stands along an unregulated and regulated reach of a river in semi‐arid Arizona, contrasted flood inundation frequency and edaphic conditions (soil moisture, nutrients and texture) between the reaches, and interpreted the vegetation differences in light of observed differences in environmental conditions. Flooding frequency was similar between reaches, but the proportion of fine textured soils in the unregulated reach was nearly double that of the regulated reach and soil nutrient levels were up to three times higher in the unregulated reach. Herbaceous cover and richness were consistently lower in the regulated reach, with between‐reach differences greatest during dry seasons. These patterns suggest that an edaphic‐based change in resource availability is the principal pathway by which river damming is altering herbaceous vegetation in this system. Our results demonstrate that sediment transport within riparian corridors is important for maintenance of herbaceous communities and that restoration of flow regimes alone may be insufficient to restore herbaceous flora on some regulated reaches. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of spoilage microbiota in beef stored in nisin activated packaging

The aim of this study was to assess the microbial populations causing the spoilage of chilled beef during storage and to evaluate the effect of the use of an antimicrobial packaging for the meat storage. A nisin activated antimicrobial packaging was developed by using a nisin, HCL and EDTA solution and used for the storage of beef cuts at 1 °C. The common spoilage related microbial groups were monitored during the storage of beef in activated and non activated plastic bags by using selective media. The use of the antimicrobial packaging caused an overall significant reduction of viable counts of Gram positive bacteria such as carnobacteria, lactic acid bacteria and Brochotrix thermosphacta whose development was inhibited for at least 11 days of storage compared to the control. Moreover, a 1–3 log cycles reduction of enterobacteria was also registered between 22 and 32 days of storage. The microbiota was assessed at species level by using Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis of 16S rRNA gene of DNA extracted directly from meat and from bulk cells from selective media plates and showed that the species occurring within the targeted microbial groups did not change according to storage conditions. In conclusion, the use of the nisin activated packaging reduced the number of spoilage populations but did not affect the species diversity. Improved antimicrobial packaging is needed, possibly coupled with vacuum storage, to possibly achieve a simultaneous inhibition of more spoilage microbial groups and to preserve the microbiological quality of beef during chilled storage.     

MiSeq测序研究散装酱卤鸭肉贮藏期间微生物群落多样

为研究散装酱卤鸭肉贮藏过程中微生物变化规律,揭示其腐败本质,以期为确定其特定腐败菌（Specific Spoilage Organisms,SSO）提供依据,本文采用MiSeq测序分析其在4 ℃和25 ℃贮藏过程中微生物群落多样性。结果表明,样品在4 ℃和25 ℃贮藏过程中细菌和真菌物种多样性在总体上均呈现下降趋势。样品贮藏初期优势细菌是Weissella sp.、Staphylococcus sp.、和未分类的肠杆菌科,优势真菌是Debaryomyces sp. IZ_1257和Lodderomyces elongisporus。4 ℃贮藏中后期,肺炎嗜冷杆菌（Psychrobacter pulmonis）和Staphylococcus sp.为主要优势细菌;而25 ℃贮藏中后期的优势细菌则为Weissella sp.、Staphylococcus sp.、溶酪大球菌（Macrococcus caseolyticus）和未分类的肠杆菌科。4 ℃、25 ℃贮藏中后期样品中最主要优势真菌均为Debaryomyces sp. IZ_1257。相比较于传统方法,MiSeq测序提供的微生物多样信息更接近于样品微生态,更能够全面解析各环境样品微生物多样性。     

双歧杆菌活菌颗粒制剂对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用

双歧杆菌是得到广泛公认的益生菌。它除了能合成多种维生素外,还能在人体肠道内形成一个生物学屏障,有效地抑制、阻止致病菌和条件致病菌在肠道中入侵和定植,从而调整与改善人体肠道中的微生态环境,达到调理肠胃,增强免疫功能,抑制肿瘤和延缓衰老的效果。由于益生菌的特殊生理作用,使国内外医学界纷纷尝试应用益生菌制作保健品。目前,国内对双歧杆菌的基础性研究和活菌制剂的开发都十分活跃,其生物制剂已应用于临床治疗。含双歧杆菌活菌的保健品也深受群众的喜爱。本文观察了保健食品“某双歧杆菌活菌颗粒剂”对小鼠胃肠道菌的调节作用,报告…     

豌豆超微粉碎膳食纤维对糖尿病小鼠肠道菌群及其代谢产物的影响

目的：研究豌豆超微粉碎膳食纤维（ultrafine ground pea dietary fiber,UGPDF）对糖尿病小鼠肠道菌群及其代谢产物的影响,从而揭示其降血糖的作用机制。方法：通过腹腔注射链脲佐菌素建立糖尿病小鼠模型,用二甲双胍和高剂量（0.9 g/（mL·d））、低剂量（0.45 g/（mL·d））UGPDF分别灌胃干预4 周,测定小鼠血糖浓度、观察肝脏细胞形态变化,Western blot检测小鼠肝脏中磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶（phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase,PI3K）/蛋白激酶B（protein kinase B,AKT）/类胰岛素生长因子（insulin-like growth factors,IGF）蛋白表达水平,高通量测序分析各组小鼠粪便中的肠道菌群组成。结果：UGPDF能够调节糖尿病小鼠的肠道菌群丰度及多样性,高剂量UGPDF组操作分类单元（operational taxonomic units,OTU）数达300±36,其Shannon、Simpson指数与糖尿病小鼠存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。在肠道菌群组成中,与模型组相比,UGPDF干预后,Lactobacillus、Lachnospiraceae有益菌相对丰度显著上升（P＜0.05）,Helicobacter、Klebsiella、Clostridium致病菌相对丰度显著下降（P＜0.05）。从代谢产物来看,与模型组相比,经过UGPDF干预后,小鼠粪便内的6 种短链脂肪酸含量总体显著升高（P＜0.05）,其中以高剂量组效果最为显著,乙酸、丙酸、丁酸含量分别提高了63.7%、75.9%和96.0%,且接近正常对照组。同时,肝脏组织切片及Western blot检测结果表明UGPDF可调节糖尿病小鼠肝脏PI3K/AKT/IGF信号通路,修复肝细胞损伤,提高胰岛素敏感性。本实验可为豌豆膳食纤维的高值化利用拓宽思路,并补充完善其降血糖理论。     

Effect of usage Urtica dioica L. on microbiological properties of sucuk, a Turkish dry-fermented sausage

The effect of dried-ground Urtica dioica L. on microbiological characteristics of Turkish dry-fermented sausage (sucuk) were investigated. Dried-ground Urtica dioica L. was added to sucuk batters by the rate of 0%, 1%, 3% and 5%, and microbiological analysis were made on the 0, 3, 7, 10 and 14 days of ripening period.

According to the results, both the level of Urtica dioica L. and ripening time had a significant effects on the total aerobic mesophylic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus, yeast-mould and Enterobacteriaceae counts (p<0.01). It was determined that the interactions ripening time × the levels of Urtica dioica L. had a significant effects on the counts of total aerobic mesophylic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus, yeast-mould and Enterobacteriaceae (p<0.01). Enterobacteriaceae count were also found to be under the detectable level (<100 cfu/g) in sucuks (in day 14 of ripening) containing 3% and 5% Urtica dioica L.