牛蒡寡糖的提取及对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用

目的：研究牛蒡多糖的提取条件和对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用。方法：采用单因素试验和正交试验优化牛蒡多糖提取工艺。15 只小鼠随机分为空白对照组和牛蒡多糖低、高剂量组,每组5 只,经口灌胃给药,灌胃容积为10ml/kg,1 次/d,连续14d。给药结束后,分别采集小鼠粪便,检查肠道肠杆菌,乳杆菌和双歧杆菌。结果：牛蒡多糖优化提取条件为：温度80℃,固液比1:10(m/V),时间60min,提取两次。与空白对照组相比,牛蒡多糖组乳杆菌与双歧杆菌数量均显著增加(P ＜ 0.05),肠杆菌数量变化不明显(P ＞ 0.05)。结论：牛蒡多糖能有效调节小鼠肠道菌群,增殖乳杆菌和双歧杆菌数量。     

多酚通过肠道菌群调节能量代谢研究进展

多酚是一类植物次生代谢产物,广泛存在于人类膳食中,一般可分为3大类：酚酸类、聚合单宁类和黄酮类。多酚以及其被肠道菌群代谢的产物,能选择性调节肠道中易感微生物的生长,选择性的促进有益菌群(如乳酸菌)生长,抑制有害菌的增殖,也即引发肠道微生态的改变。这种改变对宿主产生重要影响,对宿主能量代谢的影响可能通过如下实现：1)肠道内微生物数量和种类的变化,改变微生物代谢及产酶的种类和数量;2)多酚代谢产物还可与细菌细胞表面作用,抑制酶的活性,从而影响能量代谢,减少脂肪沉积;3)多酚通过干预人体肠道菌群调整能量代谢,为预防和治疗肥胖及相关性疾病提供了新的研究思路。本文对多酚调整肠道菌群从而影响肥胖发生的作用机制进行了综述。     

传统酸面团中细菌与酵母菌的分离与鉴定

为进一步描述我国传统面食发酵剂的理化性质和菌落组成,收集了北方地区6份发酵剂样品,测定了其酸度和菌落总数,并对分离、纯化、初筛后得到的75株细菌和60株酵母菌进行了测序鉴定。结果显示,样品pH值范围为3.73~5.46,总滴定酸度为8.3~19.8 mL;乳酸菌和酵母菌的计数结果分别为8.35±0.07~9.75±0.12 Log cfu/g,6.31±0.22~8.68±0.04 Log cfu/g。鉴定出包括短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)和旧金山乳杆菌(Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis)在内的乳酸菌8种;酵母菌4种,其中优势菌为酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae);其他细菌6种,主要为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B.amyloliquefaciens)、地衣芽孢杆菌(B.licheniformis)和醋杆菌。结果表明,我国传统面食发酵剂菌相复杂,以酵母菌和乳酸菌为主,还包括芽孢杆菌、醋酸杆菌在内的多种其他细菌,甚至可能含有致病菌。通过比较细菌和酵母在不同酸面团样品中的分布,发现不同来源样品的微生物种类组成存在差异。     

云南剑川县山羊乳饼化学组成与微生物学分析

对云南剑川不同地区13个家庭的山羊乳饼化学成分和微生物学组成进行分析。分析指标包括脂肪、游离脂肪酸、总蛋白质、水溶性氮、非蛋白氮、游离氨基氮、干物质、灰分、总钙、游离钙、总磷、游离磷、pH值和乳酸度；微生物组成包括乳酸菌数和酵母菌数。结果表明，山羊乳饼中含有较高的蛋白质、脂肪、钙和磷；同时乳酸菌数高于酵母菌数。     

粗壮脉纹孢菌孢子中类胡萝卜素的体外发酵特性

模拟人体消化过程对粗壮脉纹孢菌孢子进行消化,通过酸热法提取消化后孢子粉中的类胡萝卜素,进行体外发酵。采用国标法测定发酵液的产气量、pH、NH3-N,采用气相色谱法测量发酵液中短链脂肪酸的含量。通过16SrRNA高通量测序技术分析志愿者肠道菌群,结果发现消化后的粗壮脉纹孢菌孢子粉中类胡萝卜素经体外发酵,pH值趋于6.0~7.2,与人体肠道pH值接近,产气量较少,不易引起胀气,可产生的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸等有益于人体健康的短链脂肪酸,使拟杆菌减少,变性杆菌增加。粗壮脉纹孢菌孢子粉中类胡萝卜素有利于改善人体肠道菌群,优化肠道菌群中各菌属的比例,有益于人体的肠道健康。     

苦荞对高脂膳食诱导小鼠生理及肠道菌群的影响

以苦荞为研究对象,通过高脂膳食诱导建立血脂代谢紊乱小鼠模型,利用高效液相色谱和平板计数对血 脂代谢指标及肠道菌群的变化规律及其相关性进行研究,初步探究了苦荞对血脂代谢紊乱小鼠生理及肠道菌群的 影响。结果表明：高脂膳食可引发小鼠血脂代谢紊乱,苦荞淀粉和蛋白均能显著降低血脂指标（血清总胆固醇、 甘油三酯、低密度胆固醇）的水平（P＜0.05）,并基本恢复至空白组的水平。通过平板计数对各组小鼠的肠道主 要菌群（双歧杆菌、乳酸菌、大肠杆菌、肠球菌）检测,发现苦荞淀粉和苦荞蛋白干预组的小鼠肠道菌中有益菌 （双歧杆菌、乳酸菌、肠球菌）数量均显著高于高脂组（P＜0.05）,有害菌（大肠杆菌）数量则显著低于高脂组 （P＜0.05）。此外,相关性分析结果表明,苦荞中蛋白和淀粉均可吸附胆汁酸与胆固醇并促进其排泄,从而不仅 能调节血脂代谢又能调节肠道菌群平衡,同时,肠道菌群中益生菌比例的增多和有害菌比例的降低又对血脂代谢调 节与抑制氧化应激有着一定促进作用。因此,苦荞对血脂代谢调节作用可能与其促进胆酸排泄、调节肠道菌群平 衡、改善氧化应激等方面有着密切关系。     

基于16S rRNA技术分析当归超微粉对小鼠肠道菌群多样性的影响

研究不同剂量当归超微粉对小鼠肠道菌群多样性、肠道生理结构的作用。将C57BL/6小鼠分为当归超微粉高剂量组(2.0g/kg)、中剂量组(1.0 g/kg)、低剂量组(0.5 g/kg)、传统饮片组(2.0 g/kg)、传统粉末组(2.0 g/kg)和空白组,灌胃给药15 d,记录体重,在灌喂第15 d时无菌取结肠内容物,扩增肠道菌群16S rRNA基因的V3+V4区,采用高通量测序分析β多样性和α多样性、分析门水平和属水平的物种组成,HE染色法观察胃肠道病理变化。结果显示,C57BL/6小鼠体重正常生长,当归超微粉饮片高剂量组的对小鼠肠道微生物的疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)含量显著增加(p<0.05),放线菌门(Actinobacteria)含量减少(p<0.01)。另外,当归超微粉饮片中剂量组拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)含量降低最为显著,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)增加最为显著;在属水平中剂量Faecalibaculum增加最明显(p<0.05),故超微粉的中剂量为最佳实验剂量。各处理组小鼠胃肠道无病理变化。本实验可为当归以超微粉的使用方式,对人体保健或治疗使用的科学用量和安全性,提供理论依据。另外,可为以肠道菌群相关的有效性提供技术支持。     

Taxonomic study of one generic and two new species record to the flora of Pakistan using multiple microscopic techniques

Recent field exploration and collections has led to the findings of several new species in Pakistan. Here we reported two new species Ajuga reptance L and Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Prusk for the first time in Pakistan flora as these species were neither listed in any other literature nor identified before in Pakistan. These species were found as a result of taxonomic studies performed in the year 2019 in District Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. Microscopic techniques were used for the confirmation of foliar epidermal and pollen micromorphological features. Detailed study (morphological, palynological, and foliar epidermal) was provided for the correct identification and delimitation of the species using both light and scanning electron microscopy. Morphological results were compared with the flora of Taiwan and China.     

Development of the yeast flora of whole-crop maize during ensiling and during subsequent aerobiosis

The fresh maize plant was inhabited by non-fermenting basidiomycetous yeast species, viz. Candida ingeniosa, Cryptococcus laurentii, Sporobolomyces roseus, Sporidiobolus salmonicolor and Rhodotorula rubra. These species had vanished after 2 days of anaerobiosis in a laboratory-scale silo. After this time, ascomycetous species tolerant to acetic acid were isolated. Successively Candida holmii, C. milleri, C. krusei, C. lambica, C. famata, Geotrichum candidum and Hansenula anomala were encountered. Except for C. famata and G. candidum these yeasts vigorously ferment glucose. Total yeast counts were 10⁷ g^?1 during the first 2 weeks and gradually decreased to about 10⁵ g^?1 after 4 months. This shows that anaerobic silage provides an adverse environment for yeasts. Exposure of maize silage to air resulted in complete consumption of lactic and acetic acids within 5 days. This was due to growth of C. hoimii, C. lambica and C. milled. The physiologically similar yeast species C. holmii and C. milled were both abundant from the early stage of the fermentation and during aerobiosis. However, C. milled predominated in the first 2 weeks of anaerobiosis. The less frequently occurring yeast species C. famata, G. candidum and H. anomala assimilated lactic acid and ethanol as well as minor products of bacterial sugar fermentation such as acetoin and butan-2,3-diol but not diacetyl.