LIOUEFACTIONOF CELLULOSICWASTES IV INFLUENCE OF- INORGANIC CATALYSTS AND CARRIER OILS

ABSTRACT

Liquefaction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) has been done in an atmosphere of hydrogen gas at 320^°C and 27.2 atm, using various catalysts including boric acid, nickel hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. It was found that boric acid gave the highest yield of pyrolytic oil derived from solid refuse. Hydrocarbon constituents of the oil mixtures, produced by liquefaction of cellulosic wastes slurried in a fuel oil and using different catalysts, were investigated by means of gas chromatography. From the results obtained, it was suggested that boric acid promotes the catalytic activity of transition metals present in the pyrolytic char, which also upgrades the liquid products via hydrocracking and hydrotreatlng of the oil mixture. Basic catalysts, nickel hydroxide and calcium hydroxide, produced liquid hydrocarbons observed mainly in the range of C₁₁ - C₁₆ via hydrogenation of cellulosic matter present in MSW. The produced oil mixtures were characterized through different analytical parameters including API gravity, total acid number (TAN) and calorific value. It was found that the oil mixture, obtained using boric acid, has higher values than those produced using basic catalysts. In this investigation, two petroleum distillates, namely gas oil and fuel oil, were used as carrier media of solid refuse. Fuel oil seemed to be a more preferable carrier medium to produce higher grade liquid hydrocarbons having a lower content of aromatic compounds as evidenced by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.     

Recovery of Value Added Products Can Help Survival of Solvent Extraction Unites in a Lube Processing Refinery: A Case Study

Abstract

This article investigates the disadvantages of polymer sulfonate and oil-based drilling fluids after use, such as pollutants seriously exceeding current standards and poor degradation. After the later stage treatments, like landfill and solidification, waste drilling fluids also have secondary pollution. Based on laboratory experiments, we established the green performance evaluation standards and specifications of drilling additives and drilling fluid systems, including chemical toxicity, biological toxicity, and biodegradability. We developed a green drilling fluid additive and drilling fluid system that are nontoxic, biodegradable, and reservoir protective. The green drilling fluid additive and drilling fluid system can effectively control the production of environmental pollutants from the source. The green drilling fluid system was successfully applied in Tarim oilfield and Karamay oilfield for the first time, fulfilling the pollution-free disposal of throwing waste drilling fluid onto the soil. This technique could be used in improving and enriching soil. The laboratory experiments and field applications indicated that the drilling fluid system had low chemical toxicity. The contents of heavy metals Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, and As are respectively below 0.3, 0.02, 3.7, 4.9, and 3.1 mg/kg; the acute biotoxicity EC₅₀ was greater than 30,000 mg/l; and the biodegradation index BC (Biological oxygen demand [BOD₅]/Chemical oxygen demand [COD]) was greater than 0.35. Soil organic matter and the major fertility indexes, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, were increased by 40% after throwing waste drilling fluid onto the soil. The core permeability recovery value was greater than 80%. This drilling fluid system realizes the organic unity of low toxicity, biodegradability, improving soil conditions after throwing, and reservoir protection. This is an important advancement for the coordinated development of Chinese oil industry and environmental protection.     

Improvement of Emulsified Automobile Polish Wax

Abstract

Modified paraffin wax instead of natural bee wax has been used in the modified research of the automobile polish wax formula. The influence of the quality fraction of self-prepared emulsifier and thickener, as well as the emulsified craft conditions such as emulsified temperature, emulsified time, and agitate speed, on the emulsified wax performance were investigated separately. The results indicated that with the paraffin wax and the modified paraffin wax as the raw material, the quality fraction of the compound emulsifier was 2.1 ~ 2.5 wt% and the quality fraction of the thickener was 2.9 ~ 3.4 wt% at the technical condition of the emulsified temperature 85°C, the emulsified time of 40 min, and the agitate speed of 1000 r/min. The emulsified wax product was the translucent and neutral white emulsion with the blue light. The product would still be stable when it is laid aside for more than 60 ds. This emulsified wax was the raw material for automobile polish wax, which contained paraffin wax and the modified paraffin wax at 15 ~ 20 wt%. The emulsified automobile polish wax was prepared by adding some other surface active agents, luminous agent, and other promoters. This product would allow for cleaning, polishing, and waxing at the same time and operate easily with good effects.     

An Experimental Study on Wax Deposition of Water in Waxy Crude Oil Emulsions

Abstract

The key factors affecting wax deposition of water-in-oil emulsion were studied experimentally using a cold finger device. Wax deposition characteristics of emulsions were obtained. The results showed that the wax deposition profile of emulsions as a function of temperature parameters was similar to that of single oil. However, the effect of the extent of water cut on wax deposition was obviously different at different temperatures. Furthermore, the relative mass of deposit was proposed and found independent of water cut, from which wax deposition rate at different water cuts could be predicted and the predicted values were in good agreement with experimental data.     

The Hardening Process and Morphology of a Wax Deposit in a Pipe Flow

Abstract

Paraffins crystallize out from waxy oil solution as temperature is lowered and form a deposit on transportation pipelines. The deposit becomes hard with an increase in its solid content, making cleaning difficult. A good knowledge of the crystal morphology is essential to understand the hardness of the deposit. The morphology of the deposit on a cold pipe was studied with scanning electron microscopy. The crystal morphology changed gradually from a round, plate-like crystal to mal-crystals and spherulites as the deposit grew. The deposit became harder with a decrease in its oil cavities created by lateral growing of macroplate crystals and formation of mal-crystals. The morphology change gradually occurs at temperatures between the cloud point and wax dissolution temperature depends on cooling rates. The results revealed another aging mechanism is the change in crystals morphology.     

Study on Acoustic Cavitation and Magnetic Coupling Wax Control Technology

Abstract

To solve the wax deposition problem of high-pour-point and high-waxy oil wells, a new acoustic cavitation and magnetic coupling shaft wax control technology was proposed. Experimental research and field tests were conducted. This wax control technology can achieve the purpose of freezing point depression, viscosity reduction by emulsification, and wax control through the combined effect of cavitation, acoustic vibration, and magnetic intensification. Laboratory experiments showed that after acoustic cavitation and magnetic coupling treatment, the viscosity reduction ratio of high-pour-point oil was over 25.5% at 30°C; the freezing point was decreased from 32°C to 27°C, a 15.6% reduction; the wax crystal structure of the oil samples was changed from crude, thick, and dense to fine, thin, and sparse. Field tests showed that the acoustic cavitation and magnetic coupling wax control device can significantly extend the well's wax deposit cycle by more than 30 days and reduce the wax thickness (Yumen Oilfield). Using this technology, the flushing period was extended more than two times, with a maximum up to nine times, and the normal production time was also prolonged (Zhundong Oilfield in Xinjiang). The results are useful for the popularization and application of the new shaft wax control technology for high-freezing-point and high-waxy oil wells.     

The Emulsification of Oxidized Wax With a Co/SBA-15 Catalyst

The mesoporous molecular sieve catalyst Co/SBA-15 was synthesized by two steps synthesis method, based on which oxidized wax was prepared. The emulsification of oxidized wax was carried out by employing Span-80, Tween-80, and stearic acid as compound emulsifier. The results showed that when the mass ratio of Span-80, Tween-80, and stearic acid was 5.5:3.6:0.9, emulsifying temperature was 75°C, emulsifying time was 55 min, emulsifier amount was 7.3%, and water consumption was 69.96%. The emulsion performance of oxidized wax was improved greatly compared with ordinary paraffins.     

铁心用油对接触器机械寿命的影响

分析了目前被广泛采用的几种提高接触器铁心机械寿命的方式及工艺,并通过试验揭示了防锈油和润滑油的种类和用量,以及硅钢带漆膜对铁心中剩余油量的影响。对提高铁心机械寿命有重要意义。     

汉代漆器包装与化妆品“后”包装设计的审美分析

目的研究传统漆器包装与现代化妆品包装在精神和审美方面的联系与传承。方法分析传统漆器和现代化妆品"后"包装设计在精神与审美等多层面之间的联系。结果传统漆器包装与现代化妆品包装有着诸多的审美趋同性,可以为现代化妆品包装设计提供借鉴。结论从传统文化中汲取养分,针对特定品牌与目标人群展开设计,是提升现代化妆品包装水平的关键。