Structure and properties of regenerated cellulose films coated with polyurethane–nitrolignin graft‐IPNs coating

A regenerated cellulose film (RC) was coated with a graft‐IPNs coating, which was composed of castor oil‐based polyurethane and 2.8 wt % nitrolignin (NL), to obtain water‐resistant films. The effects of NCO/OH molar ratio and different polyols, such as 1,4‐butanediol (BDO) and trimethanol propane (TMP), on the structure and properties of the coated RC films were investigated. With an increase of the NCO/OH molar ratio, the tensile strength of the coated films increased, but the water resistivity and size contraction hardly changed. The coated films with TMP exhibited the higher breaking elongation at 1.5 of the NCO/OH molar ratio, while those with BDO have more excellent tensile strength, water resistivity, and dimensional stability. The coated films with the graft‐IPNs coating exhibited superior water resistivity and dimensional stability. The light transmittance of the coated films was more excellent than that of the RC film. Moreover, the results from the IR and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) showed that the chemical bonding occurred between cellulose and coating, and the introduction of NL plays an important role in the enhancement of the interface adhesion of the coated films. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) depicted the flat and dense surface of the coated films, which restricted the water vapor penetration and the size contraction, resulting in the enhancement of water resistivity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 1799–1806, 2002     

龙须草碱木素特性的研究

用化学方法和波谱方法研究了龙须草减木素（ESL）的结构特性，并与杨木和麦草碱水素作了比较。ESL是一种绩合程度较高的木素，甲氧基含量较低，而酚羟基和羧基含量较高，结合相对分子质量测定结果可知，在蒸煮时生成较多的小分子产物，使相对分子质量分布较宽。C_9单元式表明ESL中的不饱和度较低，波谱分析表明，ESL中的共轭酯键已大部分断裂。与ESL相连的碳水化合物主要是聚阿拉伯糖降解生成的碎片。     

Contributions to characterization of poly(vinyl chloride)–lignin blends

The present study evaluates the impact of blending organosolv and kraft lignins, which are natural polymer by‐products in the pulp and paper industry, with plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in flooring formulations. Also examined is the impact of replacing dioctyl phthalate, a PVC industry general‐purpose plasticizer, with diethylene glycol dibenzoate (Benzoflex 2‐45), tricresyl phosphate (Lindol), or alkyl sulfonic phenyl ester (Mesamoll) in these formulations. The influence of the different types of lignins and plasticizers on the processibility, thermal, and mechanical properties of the blends is discussed. These properties demonstrate that partial replacement of PVC (20 parts) with different lignins is feasible for some formulations that can be successfully used as matrices for a high level of calcium carbonate filler in flooring products. In addition, the data demonstrate that the presence of certain plasticizers, which interfere with the intramolecular interactions existing in lignins, may allow the lignin molecules to have more molecular mobility. The morphology and the properties of PVC plasticized lignin blends are strongly influenced by the degree and mode of the lignin plasticization and its dispersion within the PVC matrix. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2732–2748, 2006     

甲基丙烯酸锌在NBR／木质素中的应用

研究了α－甲基丙烯酸锌（ＭＡＡ－Ｚｎ）对ＮＢＲ／木质素（１００／１００，质量比）硫化胶性能的影响。结果表明，加入１．５～５．０份ＭＡＡ－Ｚｎ，可提高硫化胺的１００％的定伸应力，硬度和抗压缩永久变形能力，但对其他力学性能影响甚微，经分析可知，ＭＡＡ－Ｚｎ还可以降低硫化反应活化能，提高硫化胶的交联密度和耐热老化性能。     

Lignin‐based polycondensation resins for wood adhesives

Lignin‐based wood adhesives are obtained that satisfy the requirements of relevant international standards for the manufacture of exterior‐grade wood particleboard. Formulations based on low molecular mass lignin and presenting an increase in the relative proportion of reactive points yield better results than the higher molecular mass lignin used in the past. These lignins allow a higher proportion of hydroxymethylation during preparation of methylolated lignins. These lignin‐based adhesives also yield acceptable results at particleboard pressing times that are sufficiently low to be of industrial significance. Lignin‐based wood adhesives, in which a nonvolatile nontoxic aldehyde (glyoxal) is substituted for formaldehyde in their preparation, are prepared and tested for application to wood panels such as particleboard. The adhesives yield good internal bond strength results for the panels, which are good enough to comfortably pass relevant international standard specifications for exterior‐grade panels. The adhesives also show sufficient reactivity to yield panels in press times comparable to that of formaldehyde‐based commercial adhesives. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1690–1699, 2007     

EVA／木质素薄膜的制备与性能研究

研究了经造粒、吹塑成膜的乙烯醋酸乙烯酯共聚物（EVA）／木质素共混物的结构、热性能以及力学性能。热重分析表明木质素与EVA共混物的热稳定性比单一组分的高；差示扫描量热分析表明木质素与EVA的相容性好；傅里叶红外光谱分析表明木质素与EVA之间存在分子间氢键相互作用；扫描电子显微分析表明木质素含量对共混物形貌有明显的影响；力学性能测试表明木质素含量在30％（质量分数，下同）以内，共混物薄膜仍具有较好的力学性能，随着木质素含量的增加，共混物力学性能降低。     

三峡工程泥沙问题研究60年回顾

对60 a来三峡工程泥沙问题研究的历程、主要研究结论作了简要综述。三峡水库初期蓄水运用以来的泥沙实测资料与预测对比分析表明:三峡水库上游来沙减少的趋势与初步设计阶段预测基本一致,但减少的进程有所提前;三峡水库泥沙淤积量远小于预测值;坝下游河床冲刷量与预测值基本一致,河床冲刷范围则大于预测;坝下游河床冲刷对防洪与航运的影响与预测基本一致;三峡工程泥沙问题总体上未超出论证与初步设计阶段的预测。在此基础上提出三峡工程正常运行期泥沙问题研究的建议,其中关于排沙调度方面,应按控制水库防洪库容年损失率小于1 000万m~3/a,以及变动回水区上、中段无累积性泥沙淤积的要求制定排沙调度方案,以长期发挥三峡工程的综合效益。     

竹材丙酮法木质素高效分离技术研究

在一定的温度、压力条件下,利用丙酮提取竹材中的木质素,丙酮通过蒸馏回收后,可以反复利用;而通过蒸馏,得到的高纯度的木质素是重要的化工原料,整个过程形成一个封闭循环系统,基本上无三废排放;研究结果表明:当丙酮浓度为80%,液固比为10∶1,在最高反应温度160℃下保温3h,降解木质素的效果最佳;为解决制浆造纸行业废水对环境的污染问题提出了一条新的途径。     

基于FLO-2D的泥石流工程治理效果分析——以都江堰银洞子沟泥石流为例

选取地震区典型泥石流沟银洞子沟作为研究对象,运用FLO-2D软件再现该沟2013年泥石流发生过程,验证了通过研究区雨量数据获取泥石流流量线方法的可靠性以及相关模拟参数选取的合理性。在此基础上,基于泥石流发生频率和暴雨爆发频率相同的假设,对不同爆发频率下的泥石流工程治理效果进行了分析。结果表明:工程治理后,当爆发频率为30,50 a时,工程治理效果显著;当爆发频率为100 a时,工程治理效果不显著。因此,建议相关管理部门加强极端降雨条件下泥石流的预警和防治工作。     

微波辐射常压麦草中木质素快速提取方法研究

采用微波辐射技术,建立了从麦草中提取木质素的工艺.使用微波法分离木质素和纤维素是微波应用的一种新途径.考察了固液比例、微波辐射功率、辐射时间、碱浓度等对木质素提取效果的影响.结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为:2 g样品在微波辐射功率为550 W,辐射时间为75 min,固液比为1:12.5,碱浓度为16%时,木质素提取液的吸光度达到1.25,并且验证性试验的结果很稳定.