Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Antimicrobial Agents on Cheddar Cheese

The antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger of the antimicrobial (AM) agents linalool, carvacrol and thymol incorporated in the coatings of starch‐based films was investigated. The activity was initially determined on a solid medium using the modified microatmosphere method and then examined on Cheddar cheese. On the solid media, all the AM films demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect against A. niger growth. The inhibitory effect of the AM films containing 2.38% (w/w) AM agents is reflected by the colony diameters that were 29.3, 25.4 and 21.3 mm for linalool, carvacrol and thymol, respectively, at 25°C after 7 days incubation compared with the control sample where the colony diameter was 85.3 mm. The AM films containing 2.38% (w/w) linalool, carvacrol or thymol reduced the population of A. niger on the surface of Cheddar cheese by 1.8, 2.0 and 2.2 log CFU/g, respectively, after 35 days of storage at 15°C. The results suggest that starch‐based film coated with an AM agent has the potential for being used as a fungicidal packaging system. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

香型酒花对啤酒酿造质量的影响

啤酒花有两种基本类型:苦型和香型酒花.它赋予啤酒特有的苦味和香味,同时也影响啤酒的泡沫形成;酒花中含有酒花树脂、酒花油和多酚物质.本文主要就香型酒花在啤酒酿造过程中的风味变化以及对啤酒香味质量的影响进行了讨论.     

气相色谱法测定不同产地花椒挥发油中芳樟醇和柠檬烯含量的研究

采用气相色谱法测定了不同产地32批次花椒挥发油中柠檬烯和芳樟醇的含量.结果发现:青花椒挥发油中柠檬烯的含量均值为12.888 mg/g,红花椒挥发油中柠檬烯的含量均值为14.040 mg/g,青花椒挥发油中柠檬烯的含量与红花椒之间无显著性差异(P＞0.05);青花椒挥发油中芳樟醇的含量均值为红花椒的9.13倍,分别为72.523 mg/g和7.941 mg/g,且青花椒挥发油中芳樟醇的含量与红花椒之间存在极显著性差异(P≤0.01).该试验结果可作为青花椒和红花椒品种间鉴别指标的依据之一.     

芳樟醇对三文鱼源莓实假单胞菌的抑菌机理

本研究应用高通量测序技术分析不同贮藏期三文鱼的菌相变化,并分离、纯化、鉴定出1 株4 ℃贮藏环境下三文鱼的优势腐败菌——莓实假单胞菌MS 02（Pseudomonas fragi MS 02）。再以分离出的莓实假单胞菌MS 02为靶标菌,深入探究芳樟醇对其抑菌性能及其抑菌机理。结果表明：4 ℃贮藏三文鱼的菌相呈现动态变化的趋势,其中发光杆菌属、假单胞菌属、青枯菌属和不动杆菌属细菌在三文鱼贮藏中占主要地位。随着贮藏时间的延长,假单胞菌属的相对丰度逐渐增大,而莓实假单胞菌是三文鱼在贮藏期间增长速率最快的菌种。以分离鉴定出的莓实假单胞菌MS 02为研究对象,发现芳樟醇对其具有良好的抑菌效果,扫描电子显微镜观察结果表明芳樟醇能使细菌细胞膜产生凹陷褶皱,而电导率、OD260 nm、二乙酸荧光素荧光强度和碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase,AKP）、钠钾ATP酶活力测定结果证明芳樟醇能破坏莓实假单胞菌的细胞膜和细胞壁的通透性和完整性,进而影响细菌细胞正常能量代谢,最终导致菌体死亡。     

高纯四氢芳樟醇的研究

在一定条件下,芳樟醇可高选择性地氢化成四氢芳樟醇,氢化选择性与催化剂的特性、氢化温度及芳樟醇来源有关。在适宜的氢压及搅拌条件下,改变催化剂的特性、反应温度及使用不同来源的芳樟醇能提高加氢产物中四氢芳樟醇的含量。以日本进口的合成芳樟醇（含量98.7%）为原料,采用W-6型雷尼镍为催化剂,在（60±10）℃、1～3 MPa氢压的条件下进行氢化,所得四氢芳樟醇含量为98.7%,选择性为100%。     

Assessment of dietary exposure to flavouring substances via consumption of flavoured teas. Part 1: occurrence and contents of monoterpenes in Earl Grey teas marketed in the European Union

Estimations of dietary exposure via the consumption of flavoured foods play a central role in the safety evaluation of flavouring substances. To assess uncertainties, actual data regarding the occurrence and concentration levels of flavouring substances were determined in commercially available flavoured foods, using Earl Grey tea as an example. The contents of the consistently occurring monoterpenes linalyl acetate, linalool, limonene, β-pinene and γ-terpinene were determined in 90 tea samples purchased in 10 European Union member states. Rather narrow frequency distributions were observed for the major compounds linalyl acetate and linalool. The factors (1) country of purchase, (2) source of the products (national/international brands versus private label brands versus speciality tea shops), and (3) enantiomeric purities of the flavouring substances had no significant impact on the contents of the flavouring substances. Only in teas sold as loose leaves were the median contents of linalyl acetate and linalool (66% and 39%, respectively) higher than in teas offered in tea bags. Significant losses of flavouring substances were observed on storage of teas, indicating an impact of the type of packaging and the flavouring technology on the contents of flavouring substances in the product finally consumed.     

Linalool Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Leukemia Cells and Cervical Cancer Cells through CDKIs

Plantaginaceae, a popular traditional Chinese medicine, has long been used for treating various diseases from common cold to cancer. Linalool is one of the biologically active compounds that can be isolated from Plantaginaceae. Most of the commonly used cytotoxic anticancer drugs have been shown to induce apoptosis in susceptible tumor cells. However, the signaling pathway for apoptosis remains undefined. In this study, the cytotoxic effect of linalool on human cancer cell lines was investigated. Water-soluble tetrazolium salts (WST-1) based colorimetric cellular cytotoxicity assay, was used to test the cytotoxic ability of linalool against U937 and HeLa cells, and flow cytometry (FCM) and genechip analysis were used to investigate the possible mechanism of apoptosis. These results demonstrated that linalool exhibited a good cytotoxic effect on U937 and HeLa cells, with the IC₅₀ value of 2.59 and 11.02 μM, respectively, compared with 5-FU with values of 4.86 and 12.31 μM, respectively. After treating U937 cells with linalool for 6 h, we found an increased sub-G1 peak and a dose-dependent phenomenon, whereby these cells were arrested at the G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, by using genechip analysis, we observed that linalool can promote p53, p21, p27, p16, and p18 gene expression. Therefore, this study verified that linalool can arrest the cell cycle of U937 cells at the G0/G1 phase and can arrest the cell cycle of HeLa cells at the G2/M phase. Its mechanism facilitates the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors (CDKIs) p53, p21, p27, p16, and p18, as well as the non-expression of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) activity.     

Thienyl analogues of acyclic monoterpene alcohols and their biological activity

BACKGROUND: Thienyl analogues of linalool, geraniol, nerol and citronellol were synthesised and their sensory and anti‐ microbial activities were investigated. RESULTS: The thienyl analogues of linalool, geraniol, nerol and citronellol, in which the isobutenyl moiety was replaced by a thiophene substituent, were synthesised from commercially available 2‐ and 3‐methylthiophenes and 2‐ and 3‐thiophenecarboxaldehydes. The olfactory properties of the new compounds were generally of the corresponding parent terpene type; however, their relative volatility determined by the headspace gas chromatography method was lower by a factor of 34–42 compared with the parent alcohols. Antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus niger and Penicillium expansum of some thienyl analogues of linalool was 1.5–3 times higher than that of linalool, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.2–0.1 µL mL^?1. CONCLUSION: Replacement of the isobutenyl moiety in acyclic monoterpene alcohols by a thienyl substituent results in the formation of new terpene analogues, some of which are interesting for perfumery and cosmetology because of their odour quality, tenacity and antimicrobial action. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Characterization of antimicrobial films containing basil extracts

The properties of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE)‐based films containing either linalool or methylchavicol as antimicrobial (AM) additives were evaluated. Slight decreases in transparency, water vapour and oxygen transmission rates were found in the extruded films containing 0.34% w/w linalool or methylchavicol. The infrared (IR) spectra of the AM films were similar to that of additive‐free LDPE film. However, carbonyl peaks could also be observed in the spectra of the AM films. There was no significant difference in the degree of crystallinity and the melting temperature range of the different films. Derivative thermogravimetry mass‐loss curves showed that the thermal decomposition temperatures of the AM films were marginally lower than that of LDPE film. Electron micrographs indicated that AM LDPE‐based films exhibited no evidence of changes in microstructure to suggest that linalool and methylchavicol were not evenly distributed in the film. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of some terpenyl oleates on soybean oil oxidation at 180°C

The ability of linalyl oleate (LO) to act as an autoxidation inhibitor in soybean oil at 180±5°C was compared with the oleates of geraniol (GeO), menthol (MenO), perillyl alcohol (PeO), farnesol (Fa)), phytol (PhO), and cholesterol (ChO) at levels of 0.1% by weight in the oil. Changes in FA composition and conjugated dienes were monitored. Logarithmic plots of the decreasing ratios of linoleate/palmitate and linolenate/palmitate vs. time were linear for soybean oil controls, but plots for LO, GeO, MenO, PeO, FaO, and ChO had inflection points (IP) at times between 5 and 11.4 h. These terpenyl oleates had smaller rate constants before the IP than the control oil. Thus, these esters all exhibited autoxidation inhibition, which was confirmed by conjugated diene values. Plots for PhO had no IP and very limited inhibitory effect relative to the controls. LO originally was chosen for study because it has a double bound structure similar to that of the side chain of avenasterol, which also shows an ability to inhibit oxidation. The ability of terpenyl oleates having widely different structures to inhibit autoxidation suggests that LO's double bound structure is not the cause of its inhibitory activity.