香榧籽油对高脂膳食SD大鼠脂质代谢的影响及机理

为推进对香榧籽油生物功效的认知,以高脂膳食大鼠模型评估香榧籽油的降脂、抗氧化功效及其作用机理。将40只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组（NF组）、2%香榧籽油正常组（NFO组）、高脂对照组（HF组）、2%香榧籽油高脂组（HFO组）。每周记录SD大鼠体重,分别在第4周和第7周检测血清中总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、血糖（Glu）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、白介素6（IL-6）、白介素4（IL-4）水平。在第7周处死大鼠,解剖取肝脏、十二指肠、脂肪组织,采用油红O、苏木精-伊红（HE）染色观察组织形态,并采用qRT-PCR检测肝脏脂质代谢相关基因的表达。结果表明：实验第4周,与NF组相比,香榧籽油能极显著降低SD大鼠体重（P<0.01）,整个实验周期内HF、HFO组大鼠体重无显著差异;与NF组相比,NFO组大鼠血清TG、Glu、MDA水平显著下降（P<0.05）,HDL-C水平显著提高（P<0.05）;与HF组相比,香榧籽油能显著降低大鼠血清TC、LDL-C和Glu水平（P<0.05）,显著提高SOD、GSH-Px的活性和T-AOC（P<0.01,P<0.05）。实验第7周,与NF组相比,NFO组大鼠血清LDL-C水平极显著上升（P<0.01）,TC、MDA水平显著下降（P<005）;与HF组相比,香榧籽油能显著升高大鼠血清TG、LDL-C、MDA、CRP、IL-4水平（P<0.05,P<001）;长期食用香榧籽油,大鼠肝脏、十二指肠组织中偶有炎性细胞浸润,脂肪组织细胞形态大小不均。NFO组大鼠肝脏AMPKα、SREBP-1c基因表达水平极显著高于NF组（P<0.01）,HFO组大鼠肝脏FAS、ACC、AMPKα基因表达水平极显著低于HF组（P<0.01）。香榧籽油可能通过调节AMPKα/SREBP-1c信号通路实现调节大鼠血脂、提高抗氧化水平的生物功效。     

Lipid Oxidation in Cooked Pork as Affected by Vitamin E, Cooking and Storage Conditions

The individual and combined effects of muscle vitamin E level, cooking conditions (duration, temperature and rate) and packaging on lipid oxidation in refrigerated cooked pork were examined. Oxidative stability following cooking was higher in pork with a higher vitamin E level (p<0.01), cooked at a lower cooking temperature (p<0.01), cooked for a shorter time (p<0.01), cooked at a faster cooking rate (p<0.05) or stored in vacuum packs (p<0.01). Significant two-way and three-way interactions were observed between the effects of muscle vitamin E level, cooking conditions and packaging on lipid oxidation. Adopting more than one of these approaches to minimize lipid oxidation was more effective than adopting a single approach.     

D-柠檬烯对大鼠酒精性肝损伤脂质代谢紊乱的影响

探讨D-柠檬烯（D-limonene）对大鼠酒精性肝损伤脂质代谢紊乱的保护作用及可能作用机制,利用持续酒精灌胃的方法建立大鼠酒精肝损伤模型,分为A、B、C、D、E、F、G共7 组。A组为空白对照组,每日给予蒸馏水灌胃,前2 周8 mL/（kg·d）,后4 周12 mL/（kg·d）;B组为酒精模型组,每日灌胃体积分数为50%的乙醇,前2 周8 mL/（kg·d）,后4 周12 mL/（kg·d）;C、D、E组分别为D-柠檬烯低、中、高剂量组,每日分别灌胃D-柠檬烯100、200、400 mL/（kg·d）,其中D-柠檬烯与A、B组等量的50%的乙醇混合后灌胃;F组为水和D-柠檬烯空白高剂量组,每日给予D-柠檬烯400 mL/（kg·d）;G组为甘利欣药物对照组,灌胃量200 mL/（kg·d）。HE染色和电镜观察肝组织形态结构和肝组织超微结构的变化,测定血清谷丙转氨酶（alanine transaminase,ALT）、谷草转氨酶（aspartate transaminase,AST）、碱性磷酸酶（phosoporic acid,ALP）、胆碱酯酶（cholinesterase,CHE）、甘油三酯（triglyceride,TG）、胆固醇（cholesterol,CHO）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low densitylipoprotein-cholesterol,LDL-C）水平。结果电镜下观察到A组肝细胞结构正常,核呈圆形或椭圆,线粒体形态正常。B组肝细胞次级溶酶体数量增加,线粒体形状不规则,脂滴多。C组可见少量脂滴,高尔基体正常,线粒体清楚。D组少量脂滴,胆小管有内容物,线粒体正常。E组线粒体高尔基体正常,少量脂滴,核圆。F组细胞器无异常,少量脂滴。G组少量脂滴,偶见溶酶,体线粒体正常。B组大鼠血清ALT、AST、ALP、CHE、TG、CHO、LDL-C均高于空白对照组,差异显著（P＜0.05）;F组大鼠血清所测各指标与空白对照组无明显差异;而D-柠檬烯低、中、高剂量干预组和酒精模型组比较,血清所测各指标水平均有不同程度地降低,其中D-柠檬烯中、高剂量干预组血清所测各指标水平明显低于酒精模型组,差异显著（P＜0.05）。结论：过量酒精摄入引起的肝组织超微结构病理损伤与升高血清ALP、CHE、ALT、AST、TG、CHO、LDL-C水平,在D-柠檬烯干预下有所减轻和降低。因此,D-柠檬烯可调节过量酒精摄入造成的脂质代谢紊乱。     

烟草废水中红色酵母菌的分离鉴定及其胞内色素和油脂的初步研究

该研究采用马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂（PDA）培养基从烟草废水中分离红色酵母菌,通过形态观察、生理生化试验及分子生物学技术对其进行鉴定,并初步探讨其发酵马铃薯葡萄糖水（PDW）产油脂和色素的潜力。结果表明,从烟草废水中分离到一株红色酵母菌YH0902,并鉴定其为一株近玫色锁掷孢酵母（Sporidiobolus pararoseus）。菌株YH0902在马铃薯葡萄糖水（PDW）中培养时,细胞内可积累类胡萝卜素和油脂,30 ℃、150 r/min条件下培养4 d,菌体湿质量为（48.53±0.36） g/L,干质量为（10.63±0.15） g/L,胞内色素产量为（4.33±0.19） mg/L,油脂产量为（3.30±0.17） g/L。因此,菌株YH0902在微生物源天然色素及油脂开发领域具有一定的应用前景。     

植物甾醇及其环糊精包合物对高血脂小鼠降血脂实验研究

目的：评价植物甾醇经过β-环糊精及其衍生物包合作用对高血脂症小鼠血脂指标的影响。方法：将昆明小鼠分为6组,分别为正常组、高脂模型组、阳性对照组、植物甾醇组、β-环糊精/植物甾醇包合物组和羟丙基-β-环糊精/植物甾醇包合物组,建模给药测定其血脂水平。结果：给予不同药后,与模型组比较,阳性对照组和三个实验组均能显著降低TC、LDL-C和AI水平,提高HDL-C水平,且三个实验组之间各指标均没有显著性差异。结论：植物甾醇有显著的降血脂作用,而且经过β-环糊精和羟丙基-β-环糊精包合后不影响其降血脂功能。     

Hypolipidemic Activity of Peony Seed Oil Rich in α‐Linolenic,is Mediated Through Inhibition of Lipogenesis and Upregulation of Fatty Acid β‐Oxidation

Peony seed oil (PSO) is a new resource food rich in α‐Linolenic Acid(ALA) (38.66%). The objective of this study was to assess the modulatory effect of PSO on lipid metabolism. Lard oil, safflower oil (SFO), and PSO were fed to wistar rats with 1% cholesterol in the diet for 60 d. Serum and liver lipids showed significant decrease in total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) levels in PSO fed rats compared to lard oil and SFO fed rats. ALA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), contents were significantly increased, whereas linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA) levels decreased in serum and liver of PSO fed rats. Feeding PSO increased ALA level and decreased n‐6 to n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio. The hypolipidemic result of PSO indicated that PSO participated in the regulation of plasma lipid concentration and cholesterol metabolism in liver. The decreased expression of sterol regulatory element‐binding proteins 1C (SREBP‐1c), acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS)‐reduced lipid synthesis; Activation of peroxisome proliferator–activator receptor (PPARα) accompanied by increase of uncoupling protein2 (UP2) and acyl‐CoA oxidase (AOX) stimulated lipid metabolism and exerted an antiobesity effect via increasing energy expenditure for prevention of obesity.     

蓝莓花色苷提取物抗油脂氧化能力的研究

以乙醇为溶剂从圣云蓝莓果中提取得到蓝莓花色苷。研究蓝莓花色苷对猪油和脂质体的抗氧化活性。结果表明蓝莓花色苷对猪油具有较强的抗氧化,且具有剂量效应关系,以添加0.4%精制花色苷抗氧化效果最佳,但不如BHT效果好;另外抗坏血酸等对蓝莓花色苷具有明显的协同抗氧化作用。蓝莓花色苷对脂质体过氧化有显著的抑制作用,并且高于抗坏血酸对脂质体过氧化的抑制作用,精制蓝莓花色苷的IC50为165.97μg/mL,粗蓝莓花色苷的IC50为278.16μg/mL。     

南瓜多糖的提取工艺及其降糖作用的研究

本文介绍了南瓜多糖的提取方法及其组分与理化性质,并将提取的南瓜多糖用于动物实验,结果证实了南瓜多糖的降糖作用。说明南瓜多糖在糖尿病辅助治疗方面存在着非常重要的价值。     

Lipid Oxidation in Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions: Involvement of the Interfacial Layer

More polyunsaturated fats in processed foods and fewer additives are a huge demand of public health agencies and consumers. Consequently, although foods have an enhanced tendency to oxidize, the usage of antioxidants, especially synthetic antioxidants, is restrained. An alternate solution is to better control the localization of reactants inside the food matrix to limit oxidation. This review establishes the state‐of‐the‐art on lipid oxidation in oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions, with an emphasis on the role of the interfacial region, a critical area in the system in that respect. We first provide a summary on the essential basic knowledge regarding (i) the structure of O/W emulsions and interfaces and (ii) the general mechanisms of lipid oxidation. Then, we discuss the factors involved in the development of lipid oxidation in O/W emulsions with a special focus on the role played by the interfacial region. The multiple effects that can be attributed to emulsifiers according to their chemical structure and their location, and the interrelationships between the parameters that define the physicochemistry and structure of emulsions are highlighted. This work sheds new light on the interpretation of reported results that are sometimes ambiguous or contradictory.     

Chitosan and Protein Coatings Affect Yield, Moisture Loss, and Lipid Oxidation of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Fillets During Frozen Storage

The effects of chitosan (CH1 = 1% and CH2 = 2% solution), egg albumin (EA), soy protein concentrate (SPC), pink salmon protein powder (PSP), and arrowtooth flounder protein powder (AFP) as edible coatings on quality of skinless pink salmon fillets were evaluated during 3 mo frozen storage. Coating with 2% chitosan (CH2) resulted in significantly higher yield than coating with PSP and AFP. The thaw yield of salmon fillets coated with CH2 was higher than those of the control and fillets coated with AFP. The noncoated, CH1‐, and CH2‐coated fillets had similar drip loss (0.4% to 1.2%), which was lower than those observed for PSP‐ and AFP‐coated fillets. All fillet samples had similar cook yield (84.2% to 88.8%). The fillet coated with CH1, CH2, SPC, and EA had significantly higher (P < 0.05) moisture content after thawing than the control noncoated fillets. Coating with CH1 and CH2 was effective in reducing about 50% relative moisture loss compared with the control noncoated fillets. Chitosan (CH1 and CH2) and SPC delayed lipid oxidation. There were no significant (P > 0.05) effects of coating on a*, b*, and whiteness values for cooked fillets after 3 mo frozen storage.