天然抗氧化剂抑制油脂氧化的研究进展

油脂氧化是食品工业中经常遇到、严重影响食品品质的主要问题之一.虽然应用各类人工合成抗氧化剂在抑制食品中脂肪氧化的问题上取得了比较好的效果,但是这一类抗氧化剂会带来食品安全问题.深入研究和推广应用天然抗氧化剂是同时解决脂肪氧化和食品安全问题的重要途径.     

葡萄籽提取物原花青素对肉兔抗氧化功能、脂质含量及血清代谢产物浓度的影响

研究葡萄籽提取物原花青素(grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts,GSPE)对肉兔抗氧化功能、脂质含量及血清代谢产物浓度的影响。采用单因子随机区组试验设计,选择128只60日龄、体重相近的健康新西兰兔,随机分为4组(1个对照组和3个试验组),每组32个重复,每个重复1只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,3个试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加100、200及400 mg/kg GSPE的试验饲粮。试验期为39 d,其中预试期为6 d,正试期为33 d。结果表明:随饲粮中GSPE添加量升高,试验兔背最长肌、肝脏及血清总抗氧化能力、总超氧化物歧化酶与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性均显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)升高,而丙二醛浓度极显著(P0.01)降低;对照组试验兔背最长肌粗脂肪含量极显著(P0.01)高于200 mg/kg组和400 mg/kg组,而肝脏粗脂肪含量、血清三酰甘油与总胆固醇浓度均显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)高于其余3组;对照组试验兔血清葡萄糖与尿素氮浓度均显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)高于其余3组,而尿酸浓度显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)低于200 mg/kg组和400 mg/kg组。研究结果提示:饲粮添加GSPE,可增强肉兔机体抗氧化功能,改善脂质、糖和氮代谢,且作用效果随添加量升高而增强。     

大豆异黄酮苷元的提取及其抗血浆脂蛋白氧化作用

从大豆胚轴提取总糖苷后,采用C18反相柱层析法分离大豆异黄酮糖苷,再将其水解制备成异黄酮苷元,并对大豆异黄酮苷元的抗脂蛋白氧化作用进行了实验研究.12名健康受试者空腹食用大豆异黄酮苷元前后抽取静脉血制备血浆脂蛋白,观察血浆脂蛋白过氧化程度及氧化易感性的变化.结果表明,大豆异黄酮苷元食用后受试者血浆VLDL、LDL和HDL过氧化脂质水平明显降低;在体外进行氧化修饰时,LDL氧化延滞时间明显延长,LDL氧化易感性下降.大豆异黄酮苷元可增强血浆抗氧化能力,尤其增强LDL抗氧化修饰能力,因此能够起到防治心血管疾病的积极作用.     

Lipid Oxidation in Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions: Involvement of the Interfacial Layer

More polyunsaturated fats in processed foods and fewer additives are a huge demand of public health agencies and consumers. Consequently, although foods have an enhanced tendency to oxidize, the usage of antioxidants, especially synthetic antioxidants, is restrained. An alternate solution is to better control the localization of reactants inside the food matrix to limit oxidation. This review establishes the state‐of‐the‐art on lipid oxidation in oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions, with an emphasis on the role of the interfacial region, a critical area in the system in that respect. We first provide a summary on the essential basic knowledge regarding (i) the structure of O/W emulsions and interfaces and (ii) the general mechanisms of lipid oxidation. Then, we discuss the factors involved in the development of lipid oxidation in O/W emulsions with a special focus on the role played by the interfacial region. The multiple effects that can be attributed to emulsifiers according to their chemical structure and their location, and the interrelationships between the parameters that define the physicochemistry and structure of emulsions are highlighted. This work sheds new light on the interpretation of reported results that are sometimes ambiguous or contradictory.     

Chitosan and Protein Coatings Affect Yield, Moisture Loss, and Lipid Oxidation of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Fillets During Frozen Storage

The effects of chitosan (CH1 = 1% and CH2 = 2% solution), egg albumin (EA), soy protein concentrate (SPC), pink salmon protein powder (PSP), and arrowtooth flounder protein powder (AFP) as edible coatings on quality of skinless pink salmon fillets were evaluated during 3 mo frozen storage. Coating with 2% chitosan (CH2) resulted in significantly higher yield than coating with PSP and AFP. The thaw yield of salmon fillets coated with CH2 was higher than those of the control and fillets coated with AFP. The noncoated, CH1‐, and CH2‐coated fillets had similar drip loss (0.4% to 1.2%), which was lower than those observed for PSP‐ and AFP‐coated fillets. All fillet samples had similar cook yield (84.2% to 88.8%). The fillet coated with CH1, CH2, SPC, and EA had significantly higher (P < 0.05) moisture content after thawing than the control noncoated fillets. Coating with CH1 and CH2 was effective in reducing about 50% relative moisture loss compared with the control noncoated fillets. Chitosan (CH1 and CH2) and SPC delayed lipid oxidation. There were no significant (P > 0.05) effects of coating on a*, b*, and whiteness values for cooked fillets after 3 mo frozen storage.     

单独降脂药物及药物联合饮食控制治疗高脂血症疗效观察对比

目的:对比单独降脂药物及药物联合饮食控制治疗高脂血症的临床疗效,以供参考。方法:将牡丹江医院红旗医院院2011年5月—2013年4月收治的高脂血症患者100例纳入本研究,根据随机原则分组。对照组接受单独降脂药物治疗,实验组接受药物联合饮食控制治疗。用药12w后对比两组患者血脂水平的变化和辛伐他汀日使用剂量的差异。结果:与治疗前对比,治疗后患者TC、TG、LDL-C等指标水平均有所下降,HDL-C水平有所上升,其中实验组各指标改善幅度明显大于对照组,组间差异经统计学分析后认为有意义(P0.05)。与对照组对比,实验组患者辛伐他汀日使用剂量明显较低,组间差异经统计学分析后认为有意义(P0.05)。结论:采用药物联合饮食控制治疗高脂血症的降脂效果优于单独药物治疗,同时可减少降脂药物使用剂量,对减少不良反应和降低医疗费用有益。     

桑椹籽油的降脂作用研究注

目的研究桑椹籽油的降脂作用;方法普通基础饲料加10%猪油、l%胆固醇,0.5%胆酸钠组成高脂饲料,高脂饲料中添加6%的桑椹籽油饲喂Wistar大鼠(桑籽油组)4周后与单饲高脂饲料的大鼠(高脂组)对比血脂和肝脂水平.结果与高脂组比较,桑籽油组大鼠血清和肝脏的胆固醇、甘油三酯含量均显著降低(P＜0.01),血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和致动脉硬化指数也明显下降(P＜0.01),而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和抗动脉硬化指数显著升高(P＜0.01);结论桑椹籽油具有显著的降脂、抗动脉粥样硬化作用.     

南瓜多糖的提取工艺及其降糖作用的研究

本文介绍了南瓜多糖的提取方法及其组分与理化性质,并将提取的南瓜多糖用于动物实验,结果证实了南瓜多糖的降糖作用。说明南瓜多糖在糖尿病辅助治疗方面存在着非常重要的价值。     

芥子酸改善高脂饮食模式下叙利亚仓鼠脂代谢与氧化应激水平

探讨芥子酸对高脂饮食仓鼠脂代谢和氧化应激的影响。比色法分别检测仓鼠血清和肝脏中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-c)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-c)、游离脂肪酸(NEFA),丙二醛(MDA)和总抗氧化力(T-AOC)水平。蛋白印迹法检测肝脏中PPAR-γ、CPT-1、ACC1、FAS、HMGCR、SREBP2和CYP7A1的表达。与高脂饮食组相比,芥子酸干预显著降低肥胖仓鼠体重(23.86%)、附睾脂肪(20.38%)和肾周脂肪(27.91%)指数(p0.05);改善血脂水平(至TG:183.51μmol/L、TC:1481.67μmol/L、HDL-c:507.81μmol/L、LDL-c:272.50μmol/L和NEFA:1.16 ng/L);分别降低MDA水平(至血清:7.85 nmol/L,肝脏:5.47 nmol/L)并提升T-AOC水平(至血清:12.63 U/mL,肝脏:113.72 U/mL)。芥子酸干预还能较高脂饮食组仓鼠显著提高PPAR-γ(2.00倍)、CPT-1(2.61倍)、CYP7A1(1.65倍),并显著抑制FAS(34.38%)、ACC1(52.73%)、SREBP2(53.49%)和HMGCR(32.68%)的表达水平(p0.05)。本研究提示,芥子酸能够显著改善高脂膳食诱导的仓鼠脂代谢紊乱,这与调控脂代谢相关蛋白的表达和减轻氧化应激水平有关。     

生、炒决明子抗氧化作用的研究与比较

通过4个化学模拟体系:羟自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子(O-2·)以及小鼠肝匀浆脂质过氧化、血细胞溶血,检测并比较生、炒两种决明子的乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性,并以常用抗氧化剂二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)或Vc作为阳性对照进行比较。研究结果表明:在4个体系中,两种提取物均有较强的抗氧化活性,在清除氧自由基方面生决明子的乙醇提取物作用优于炒决明子,在小鼠体外氧化体系中,两种决明子提取物的抗氧化能力相差不大,且都与常用抗氧化剂Vc作用相当。