Spanish Melon Landraces: Revealing Useful Diversity by Genomic,Morphological, and Metabolomic Analysis

Spain is a secondary centre of the diversification of the melon (Cucumis melo L.), with high diversity represented in highly appreciated landraces belonging to the Flexuosus and Ibericus groups. A collection of 47 accessions of Flexuosus, Chate, Piel de Sapo, Tendral, Amarillo, Blanco, and Rochet was analysed using a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach. A total of 66,971 quality SNPs were identified. Genetic analysis differentiated Ibericus accessions and exotic materials (Ameri, Momordica, Kachri, and Agrestis), while Flexuous accessions shared ancestry between them. Within the Ibericus group, no clear genomic distinction could be identified for the different landraces evaluated, with accessions of different landraces showing high genetic similarity. The morphological characterization confirmed that the external colour and fruit shape had been used as recognition patterns for Spanish melon landraces, but variability within a landrace exists. Differences were found in the sugars and acid and volatile profiles of the materials. Flexuosus and Chate melons at the immature commercial stage accumulated malic acid and low levels of hexoses, while Ibericus melons accumulated high contents of sucrose and citric acid. Specific trends could be identified in the Ibericus landraces. Tendral accumulated low levels of sugars and citric acid and high of malic acid, maintaining higher firmness, Rochet reached higher levels of sugars, and Amarillo tended to lower malic acid contents. Interestingly, high variability was found within landraces for the acidic profile, offering possibilities to alter taste tinges. The main volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Flexuosus and Chate were aldehydes and alcohols, with clear differences between both groups. In the Ibericus landraces, general trends for VOC accumulation could be identified, but, again, a high level of variation exists. This situation highlights the necessity to develop depuration programs to promote on-farm in situ conservation and, at the same time, offers opportunities to establish new breeding program targets and to take advantage of these sources of variation.     

樱桃番茄果脯糖煮液废水的回用工艺及其对果脯品质的影响

目的:研究樱桃番茄果脯糖煮液废水的降黏回用工艺及其对果脯品质的影响.方法:对比6种降黏剂,以运动黏度和浊度为指标,确定降黏条件,并对比回用液的渗糖速率,建立废水降黏回用工艺.测定不同糖煮液腌渍果脯的营养成分、抗氧化能力和感官风味,评价回用工艺对樱桃番茄果脯品质的影响.结果:糖煮液废水经真空浓缩后回用,对果脯的脂溶性营养...     

枳椇醋发酵阶段产物的抗氧化活性变化

采用液态深层发酵法酿造枳椇醋,以总酚含量、总黄酮含量、清除DPPH自由基能力、还原能力、总抗氧化能力为指标,研究枳椇醋不同发酵阶段产物抗氧化活性的变化。结果表明:总酚含量和清除DPPH自由基能力在枳椇醋酿造过程中增加;总黄酮含量在酒精发酵阶段减少,在醋酸发酵阶段增加;还原能力发酵前后相当;总抗氧化能力在酒精发酵中增强,在醋酸发酵中略减弱。     

沙棘酒发酵生产试验研究

利用野生沙棘果，选用葡萄酒酵母AS2．614，发酵生产沙棘酒，沙棘果 汁发酵初始糖度为20－21Bx，酸度为0．4－0．5％，前酵温度25－28摄氏度，后酵温度17－20摄氏度，沙棘酒果香浓郁，风格突出，维生素C含量极为丰富。     

橄榄果实多酚氧化酶特性研究

研究了橄榄鲜果中多酚氧化酶的最适温度、最适pH值及抑制剂等方面的特性,结果表明:该酶的最适温度为27℃,最适pH值为6.6,一定浓度的抗坏血酸、L-半胱氨酸、亚硫酸钠、偏重亚硫酸钾对该酶活性有明显的抑制作用。     

青椒果实冷害与活性氧清除酶和脂氧合酶活性变化的关系

青椒在9℃下冷藏8周,未出现冷害,膜透性变化不大。而在2℃下贮藏1周后即出现冷害症状,超过4周发生严重冷害,膜透性迅速上升。与9℃贮藏青椒相比,2℃贮藏的青椒SOD活性降低,而CAT和APX活性降低更多;POD活性也明显低于9℃贮藏青椒,但7周时骤升至峰值。9℃下青椒的LOX活性变化很小,而2℃下青椒的LOX活性2周时迅速上升,此后保持较高的水平。低温促进了膜脂过氧化产物MDA的积累,使2℃下青椒的MDA含量高于9℃的。可见青椒的冷害与低温下活性氧清除酶,特别是CAT和APX活性的降低以及LOX活性增强,导致活性氧化代谢失调和膜脂过氧化有关。     

Effect of methyl jasmonate on quality and antioxidant activity of postharvest loquat fruit

BACKGOUND: Loquat fruit is rich in natural antioxidants and has shown a remarkably high antioxidant activity. To search for an effective method for maintaining or even improving antioxidant activity during postharvest storage, we investigated the effect of 10 µmol L^?1 methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment on levels of major individual sugars and organic acids, total phenolics, total carotenoids, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity in loquat fruit during storage at 1 °C for 35 days. RESULTS: The MeJA‐treated fruit exhibited significantly lower levels of respiration rate, ethylene production, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase and polyphenol oxidase activities, and higher levels of sugars, organic acids, total phenolics and total flavonoids than control fruit. Meanwhile, the treatment also maintained significantly higher antioxidant activity as measured by the scavenging capacity against 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, and by the reducing power test compared to the control. There was a significant positive linear relationship between total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity. CONCLUSION: MeJA treatment can improve the quality and functional properties of harvested loquat fruit by maintaining a higher level of antioxidants and enhancing antioxidant activity. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

低糖野生软枣猕猴桃果脯工艺优化的研究

对低糖野生软枣猕猴桃果脯的生产工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,低糖软枣猕猴桃果脯最优工艺条件为:采用8成熟新鲜的或速冻的软枣猕猴桃为原料,沸水烫漂60 s,刺孔,0.04%硫酸铜和0.01%硫酸锌溶液护色、0.05%氯化钙溶液硬化,在50%蔗糖溶液、0.07MPa条件下真空渗糖,在0.09MPa条件下真空干燥。在此优化条件下制备的果脯组织形态较饱满,软硬适中,酸甜适口,具有浓郁的软枣猕猴桃风味。     

采前氯吡脲处理对‘秦美’猕猴桃贮藏期间果实硬度及细胞壁降解的影响

以‘秦美’猕猴桃果实为试材,于盛花期后28 d分别采用0（对照,清水）、5、10、20 mg/L 4 个质量浓度的氯吡脲（1-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-3-phenylurea,CPPU）溶液进行蘸果处理,蘸果时间3～5 s,研究采前CPPU处理对‘秦美’猕猴桃贮藏期间果实硬度及细胞壁降解酶活力的影响。结果表明：CPPU处理加速了果实硬度、原果胶和纤维素质量分数的下降,提高了可溶性果胶质量分数及多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（polygalacturonase,PG）、果胶甲酯酶（pectin methylesterase,PME）、纤维素酶（cellulase,Cx）和β-半乳糖苷酶（β-D-galaetosidase,β-Gal）细胞壁降解活力。各处理组果实硬度与可溶性果胶质量分数和PG、Cx活力呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,与原果胶、纤维素质量分数呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）;20 mg/L CPPU处理组果实的β-Gal活力与硬度呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。CPPU处理提高了果实细胞壁降解酶的活力,促进了细胞壁的降解,加速了贮藏期间果实的软化,降低了果实的耐贮藏性。为维持猕猴桃采后果实硬度,延长贮藏期,生产中不宜使用CPPU处理,或使用的质量浓度不宜超过5 mg/L。     

柿果多酚对高脂血症小鼠脂代谢的影响

目的：研究柿果多酚调节高脂血症小鼠脂代谢的作用。方法：高脂血症模型建立成功后,选取雌性昆明小鼠80只进行实验分组,以正常小鼠为对照A组和B组各10只,对高脂对照组、柿果多酚高、中、低剂量组和辛伐他汀阳性药物对照组各12只,实施各口只不同灌胃处理。测定小鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、血清总甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、脂质过氧化物(LPO)、肝组织游离脂肪酸(FFA),以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)、肝酯酶活性(HL)。结果：柿果多酚能显著降低高脂血症小鼠TC、TG、LDL-C、LPO、肝组织FFA(P＜0.01),对HDL-C提高不显著,能显著提高血清SOD及肝组织LPL、HL活性(P＜0.01)。结论：柿果多酚可通过调节机体脂代谢减轻高脂血症,预防动脉硬化(AS)。