莲藕、茅根、菊花复合清凉饮料的研制

研究了莲藕、茅根、菊花复合饮料的制作过程,并对生产工艺技术进行了探讨。     

Effect of separate pod and root zone temperatures on yield and seed composition of three Spanish cultivars of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L)

The effect of separate pod and root temperature regimes (all four combinations of 28/22 and 40/34 °C day/night temperature), imposed from the time of peg penetration until harvest, on yield and seed composition of three Spanish genotypes of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) was investigated. A decrease in pod temperature from 40/34 to 28/22 °C increased yield and oil, starch and protein mass per plant irrespective of root temperature. Additionally, a reduction in pod temperature decreased protein concentration and increased the sum of oil and starch concentration at a root temperature of 28/22 °C, whereas at a root temperature of 40/34 °C a decrease in pod temperature increased protein concentration. Root temperature reduction diminished oil concentration of genotypes AH 6179 and TMV 2 at a pod temperature of 40/34 °C. A decline in pod temperature affected fatty acid composition through a decrease in palmitic acid irrespective of root temperature and an increase in linoleic acid at a root temperature of 28/22 °C. A root temperature effect on fatty acid composition was not detected. It is concluded that field management practices and choice of genotype can influence groundnut yield and seed composition through effects on pod and root temperature. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

菊苣粕果胶的微波辅助提取工艺研究

提取是菊苣果胶生产技术的关键单元操作。本文以菊苣粕为原料,比较微波辅助提取法(Microwave-assisted extraction,MAE)及传统热酸法(Conventional heating extraction,CHE)对果胶得率、化学组成和分子量的影响。研究结果表明:两种提取方法对菊苣果胶的半乳糖醛酸、甲酯化度和乙酰化度等结构指标没有显著的影响;延长传统热酸法的提取时间有助于提高果胶得率,但会导致果胶分子链发生一定程度的降解;微波处理时间与果胶得率、重均分子量(Mw)间存在显著的正相关性;微波处理时间为120 s时,果胶得率(12.7%)与重均分子量(321 ku)均最高,且果胶分子结构降解程度较低。与传统热酸法相比,微波辅助提取法具有效率高和降解程度低等优点,是提取菊苣果胶的理想方法。     

不同模式超声预处理对莲子蛋白酶解物及其结构的影响

超声波参数中,超声频率是影响蛋白酶解的主要因素。因此,本实验以不同模式超声频率下得到的莲子蛋白酶解物为研究对象,首先对不同模式超声进行优化,以血管紧张素转化酶（angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE）抑制率和水解度为指标,得出了不同模式下的最优频率参数：单频率超声20 kHz、双频率组合20/35 kHz、三频率超声组合20/35/50 kHz。然后采用表面疏水性、氨基酸分析及内源性荧光光谱等表征不同模式的超声预处理对莲子蛋白酶解物及结构特征影响。结果显示：随着超声频率组合增多,表面疏水性越来越大,疏水性氨基酸含量增多,主要是由于超声预处理使蛋白结构展开,使最初被掩埋在蛋白分子内部的疏水基团暴露。通过荧光光谱发现,超声预处理提高了莲子蛋白的荧光强度,且荧光强度顺序为三频＞双频＞单频;同时,莲子蛋白酶解物λmax发生轻微的红移现象。上述结果对于莲子蛋白酶解及ACE抑制肽的制备至关重要。     

A review of varietal change in roots,tubers and bananas: consumer preferences and other drivers of adoption and implications for breeding

This review of the literature on varietal change in sub-Saharan Africa looks in detail at adoption of new varieties of bananas in Uganda, cassava in Nigeria, potato in Kenya, sweetpotato in Uganda and yams in Côte d’Ivoire. The review explored three hypotheses about drivers of varietal change. There was a strong confirmation for the hypothesis that insufficient priority given to consumer-preferred traits by breeding programmes contributes to the limited uptake of modern varieties (MVs) and low varietal turnover. Lack of evidence meant the second hypothesis of insufficient attention to understanding and responding to gender differences in consumer preferences for quality and post-harvest traits was unresolved. The evidence on the third hypothesis about the informal seed system contributing to slow uptake of MVs was mixed. In some cases, the informal system has contributed to rapid uptake of MVs, but often it appears to be a barrier with inconsistent varietal naming a major challenge.     

湘莲莲房中主要生物碱成分提取方法优化与含量测定

目的以莲心碱、异莲心碱、甲基莲心碱为湘莲莲房质量评价指标,优化提取工艺参数,建立高效液相色谱法同时测定3种物质。方法用酸性80%乙醇作溶剂超声提取莲房生物碱类成分,碱化后分离定量。经Waters XSelect C₁₈色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)进行分离,以甲醇-0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钠为流动相进行梯度洗脱。结果莲心碱、异莲心碱、甲基莲心碱分别在1.994~79.76μg/mL(r²=0.9993,n=6)、1.951~78.05μg/mL(r²=0.9996,n=6)、1.972~78.87μg/mL(r²=0.9998,n=6)范围内线性关系良好,回收率分别为99.5%、98.2%、98.7%(n=9)。结论该方法简便、回收率高,实验结果为莲房中生物碱定量分析和湘莲莲房质量评价提供参考。     

建宁莲子挥发性风味化合物分析

目的 分析建宁莲子中的挥发性风味化合物。 方法 采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS),结合热图分析和偏最小二乘-判别分析(Partial least squares Discriminant Analysis,PLS-DA)对莲子挥发性风味化合物进行鉴定及产品差异化分析。 结果 8款建宁莲子中一共鉴定出 93 种挥发性化合物,共有挥发性化合物23种。其中53 种为风味化合物,共有风味化合物17种,主要为醇类、酸类、烃类和杂环类。热图分析结果显示风味化合物被聚类成上、中、下3个区域,8款莲子可以被分为4类。基于 PLS-DA 模型的变量投影重要性(variable important in the projection,VIP)得分对 8款莲子风味化合物进行了判别分析,筛选出 13 种(VIP?1)标志风味化合物,其中双戊烯、己醇、异戊醇和苯乙醇是主要的差异化合物。 结论 研究表明,建宁莲子中风味化合物种类丰富,主要包括醇类、烃类、杂环类和醛类等。风味化合物结合热图与PLS-DA分析可用于莲子产品差异化分析,并为莲子工艺改进、产地区分和育种提供理论支撑和思路。     

响应面优化莲藕多酚提取工艺及其生物活性研究

以莲藕为原料,在单因素试验基础上,利用响应面分析优化莲藕多酚提取工艺条件,并测定其抗氧化、降血糖和降尿酸活性.结果 表明:莲藕多酚提取最优工艺参数为液料比22∶1(mL/g)、提取温度53℃、提取时间41 min,在此条件下多酚提取量为(359.55±1.20)mg/100 g.体外抗氧化活性结果显示,1,1-二苯基-...     

近红外光谱分析技术快速检测藕粉品质

目的 基于近红外光谱技术鉴别不同产地的藕粉样品与检测藕粉的掺假问题。方法 采集不同产地的藕粉样品的近红外光谱,在光谱预处理后采用相关系数法提取特征波长,以提取的特征波长变量构建偏最小二乘法-判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)、线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis,LDA)以及支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)模型,实现对不同产地藕粉的鉴别分析。同时,采集掺假地瓜粉、玉米粉、木薯粉的藕粉样品的近红外光谱,在样品类别已知情况下,运用K-Means聚类分析鉴别3种掺假类型的藕粉样品,在掺假类别未知下,运用基于局部密度判别的聚类算法进行判别。结果 以相关系数法提取的特征波长变量构建的PLS-DA、LDA和SVM三种模型对于不同产地藕粉样品的判别准确率均为100%。对于不同掺假类型的藕粉检测,在样品类别已知情况下,K-Means聚类分析能有效识别出掺假藕粉,识别精度为98.33%。在样品类别未知的情况下,基于局部密度判别的聚类算法可以有效识别出2%掺假率的藕粉样品。结论 近红外光谱技术能实现不同产地莲藕粉的快速鉴别,同时为隐蔽的藕粉掺假鉴别提供一种快速、高效、无损检测的分析方法,为藕粉的质量控制提供一定的理论基础。     

Simulation of Magnetically Dispersed Arc Plasma

Magnetically dispersed arc plasma exhibits typically dispersed uniform arc column as well as diffusive cathode root and diffusive anode root. In this paper magnetically dispersed arc plasma coupled with solid cathode is numerically simulated by the simplified cathode sheath model of LOWKE . The numerical simulation results in argon show that the maximum value of arc root current density on the cathode surface is 3.5×10^7 A/m^2）, and the maximum value of energy flux on the cathode surface is 3× 10^7 J/m^2, both values are less than the average values of a contracted arc, respectively.