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41.
Wyatt L. Brown Douglas A. Day Harald Stark Demetrios Pagonis Jordan E. Krechmer Xiaoxi Liu Derek J. Price Erin F. Katz Peter F. DeCarlo Catherine G. Masoud Dongyu S. Wang Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz Caleb Arata David M. Lunderberg Allen H. Goldstein Delphine K. Farmer Marina E. Vance Jose L. Jimenez 《Indoor air》2021,31(1):141-155
Understanding the sources and composition of organic aerosol (OA) in indoor environments requires rapid measurements, since many emissions and processes have short timescales. However, real-time molecular-level OA measurements have not been reported indoors. Here, we present quantitative measurements, at a time resolution of five seconds, of molecular ions corresponding to diverse aerosol-phase species, by applying extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) to indoor air analysis for the first time, as part of the highly instrumented HOMEChem field study. We demonstrate how the complex spectra of EESI-MS are screened in order to extract chemical information and investigate the possibility of interference from gas-phase semivolatile species. During experiments that simulated the Thanksgiving US holiday meal preparation, EESI-MS quantified multiple species, including fatty acids, carbohydrates, siloxanes, and phthalates. Intercomparisons with Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer suggest that EESI-MS quantified a large fraction of OA. Comparisons with FIGAERO-CIMS shows similar signal levels and good correlation, with a range of 100 for the relative sensitivities. Comparisons with SV-TAG for phthalates and with SV-TAG and AMS for total siloxanes also show strong correlation. EESI-MS observations can be used with gas-phase measurements to identify co-emitted gas- and aerosol-phase species, and this is demonstrated using complementary gas-phase PTR-MS observations. 相似文献
42.
ABSTRACTThe RF output power dissipated per unit area is calculated using Runge-Kutta method for the high-moderate-moderate-high (n+-n-p-p+) doping profile of double drift region (DDR)-based impact avalanche transit time (IMPATT) diode by taking different substrate at Ka band. Those substrates are silicon, gallium arsenide, germanium, wurtzite gallium nitride, indium phosphide and 4H-silicon carbide. A comparative study regarding power dissipation ability by the IMPATT using different material is being presented thereby modelling the DDR IMPATT diode in a one-dimensional structure. The IMPATT based on 4H-SiC element has highest power density in the order of 1010 Wm?2 and the Si-based counterpart has lowest power density of order 106 Wm?2 throughout the Ka band. So, 4H-SiC-based IMPATT should be preferable over others for the power density preference based application. This result will be helpful to estimate the power density of the IMPATT for any doping profile and to select the proper element for the optimum design of the IMPATT as far as power density is concerned in the Ka band. Also, we have focused on variation of power density with different junction temperatures and modelled the heat sink with analysis of thermal resistances. 相似文献
43.
In this article, we study a linear array of bowtie nanoantennas placed between two metallic strips that can work from 800 to 1420 nm (600 nm linewidth), with an electric field enhancement factor close to 20. We study the dynamical change of the position of the electric field enhancement amongst different elements in the array and, at the same time, the effects of dispersion on the scalability of the array elements. A systematic analysis and methodology to produce an array that can operate over a large bandwidth whilst maintaining the electric field enhancement without significant variation is provided. 相似文献
44.
垦71井区三维VSP资料波场分离方法应用研究 总被引:8,自引:5,他引:3
三维VSP资料是多偏移距VSP资料,资料中多种类型的波叠合在一起形成复杂波场。从复杂波场中分离出单一的保幅反射波波场是三维VSP波场分离的重要工作。常规二维VSP波场处理方法单一,难以适用于复杂的三维波场处理。针对三维VSP资料的波场特点,以分离上行反射P波为例,将单一波场分离方法加以适当组合,对垦71井区三维VSP实际资料进行了应用研究。结果表明,波场分离处理中叠加消去法和中值滤波相结合以及F—K滤波和中值滤波相结合的方法克服了单一方法的缺陷,波场处理后获得了波组特征明显、波场清晰单一的上行反射P波保幅波场,取得了较好的波场分离效果。 相似文献
45.
46.
提出了对暴露在任意外场中的传输线进行时频分析的新方法,这种方法非常稳定,它能够与任意的传输线模型和电路仿真方法兼容,并且使用这种方法得到的仿真值和实际值之间的差别小于1%。 相似文献
47.
苏6井区下石盒子组高分辨率层序地层学特征 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以高分辨率层序地层学理论和技术方法为指导,在苏里格气田苏6井区地表露头、钻井岩心、测井、地震资料综合研究的基础上,通过基准面旋回结构、叠加样式的沉积动力学分析,将该井区下石盒子组划分为2个长期、5个中期和14个短期旋回层序;并较为详细地讨论了各期旋回层序特征;建立了以长期旋回层序界面和最大洪泛面为等时年代地层框架,以中期旋回层序为等时地层单元的高分辨率层序地层格架;通过分析,认为下石盒子组盒8下段天然气储、盖条件最为有利;有利于储层发育的河道砂体主要出现在长、中期上升半旋回的中、下部,层序界面上相当短期旋回级别的单河道砂体是下石盒子组天然气勘探开发的主要目标。 相似文献
48.
钻井钢丝绳对于钻井平台安全可靠性有直接影响。采用磁性检测方法对钻井钢丝绳进行检测,并对钻井钢丝绳的励磁方式、聚磁方法及传感器与钢丝绳的配合间隙问题进行分析。在此基础上,研制了钻井钢丝绳检测仪器,能够实现对钻井钢丝绳断丝、磨损等缺陷的定性、定量检测,并能够对缺陷进行定位,为钻井钢丝绳的寿命评估提供了依据,对提高钻井平台的安全性具有重要意义。 相似文献
49.
稠油微生物开采技术现状及进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
综述了用微生物方法开采稠油的技术现状与进展,论题如下。①概述。②基本方法:异源微生物采油,包括微生物吞吐和微生物驱;本源微生物采油压大港孔店油田的实例。③主要机理,包括产表面活性剂,降解稠油中重质组分及其他。④技术研究,包括机理性、可行性及经济效益研究,列举了国内外6个实例。⑤现场应用,包括国外1个、国内6个实例。⑥该技术的优势及问题。参22。 相似文献
50.
S. Saner H. M. Hassan K.A. Al-Ramadan W.M. Abdulghani 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2006,29(3):257-272
Throughout the subsurface of the Arabian Peninsula, the approximately 460ft thick, Devonian Jauf Formation generally consists of well-compacted, low-porosity sandstones and shales, but it also includes friable and highly porous sandstones which form significant gas and condensate reservoir intervals. The mineralogy and pore properties of these reservoir intervals at the Hawiyah field (part of the giant Ghawar structure) were studied by integrating petrographic data with petrophysical measurements of reservoir sandstone samples.
The reservoir sandstones are mainly composed of quartz arenites containing small amounts of altered potassium feldspar grains, authigenic illite and chlorite. Based on the pore types, which reflect the habits of the intergranular clays, three reservoir sandstone types have been defined: Type A, characterized by macroporosity; Type B, with microporosity; and Type C, with combined laminations of Types A and B. The dominance of pore-lining clay (as in Type A) or pore-filling clay (as in Type B) is the principal factor controlling the petrophysical properties of the samples. Types A and C sandstones contain macro pores, but irreducible water saturation is high (25 to 45%) compared to clean samples elsewhere, because of the presence of micropores associated with clay. In Type B sandstones the irreducible water saturation is commonly greater than 40% because all the pores spaces are in the microporosity range. The irreducible water saturation in Type B sandstones increases rapidly as porosity decreases. When porosity is less than 10%, the corresponding permeability is 0.2 mD, but no economic production can be expected because water saturation is as high as 100%. In the producing intervals, authigenic clays result in low electrical resistivity due to high water saturation; however, water-free gas is produced. 相似文献
The reservoir sandstones are mainly composed of quartz arenites containing small amounts of altered potassium feldspar grains, authigenic illite and chlorite. Based on the pore types, which reflect the habits of the intergranular clays, three reservoir sandstone types have been defined: Type A, characterized by macroporosity; Type B, with microporosity; and Type C, with combined laminations of Types A and B. The dominance of pore-lining clay (as in Type A) or pore-filling clay (as in Type B) is the principal factor controlling the petrophysical properties of the samples. Types A and C sandstones contain macro pores, but irreducible water saturation is high (25 to 45%) compared to clean samples elsewhere, because of the presence of micropores associated with clay. In Type B sandstones the irreducible water saturation is commonly greater than 40% because all the pores spaces are in the microporosity range. The irreducible water saturation in Type B sandstones increases rapidly as porosity decreases. When porosity is less than 10%, the corresponding permeability is 0.2 mD, but no economic production can be expected because water saturation is as high as 100%. In the producing intervals, authigenic clays result in low electrical resistivity due to high water saturation; however, water-free gas is produced. 相似文献