Type, extent and use of colours in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods prepared in the non-industrial sector – a case study from Hyderabad, India

The type and extent of colours added to ready‐to‐eat (RTE) foods prepared in the non‐industrial sector of India was investigated. Of the 545 RTE foods analysed, 90% contained permitted colours, 2% contained a combination of permitted and non‐permitted colours and 8% contained only non‐permitted colours. However in RTE foods with permitted colours, 73% exceeded 100 ppm, as prescribed by the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act of India, and 27% were within the prescribed levels. Among the permitted colours, tartrazine was the most widely used colour followed by sunset yellow. The maximum concentration of colours was detected in sweet meats (18 767 ppm), non‐alcoholic beverages (9450 ppm), miscellaneous foods (6106 ppm) and hard‐boiled sugar confectioneries (3811 ppm). Among the non‐permitted colours found, rhodamine was most commonly used. Some of the foods, such as savouries and miscellaneous foods like sugar coated aniseed and almond milk, are not supposed to contain colours as per the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, but were found to contain colours.     

滑动弧放电等离子体-溶液系统协同零价铁降解酸性橙Ⅱ

为探究等离子体-溶液系统联合零价铁(ZVI)Fenton反应对酸性橙Ⅱ(AOⅡ)的降解效果,考察ZVI对降解过程的促进作用及降解机理,建立了滑动弧等离子-溶液系统进行了实验研究。以质量浓度200 mg/L的AOⅡ为例,改变ZVI投加量分别为0、4、7、10、13 g。结果显示ZVI投加量为10 g时,AOⅡ的降解程度最高,为97.8%。等离子体-溶液系统中滑动弧放电产生的H2O2与加入的ZVI结合发生Fenton反应,AOⅡ降解过程遵守一级动力学规律。对比不加入ZVI时的AOⅡ反应速率常数,加入10 g ZVI后初始质量浓度为100、150、200、250、300 mg/L的AOⅡ反应速率常数分别提高了12.9%、31.0%、39.4%、44.3%、47.8%。溶液化学需氧量(COD)去除率也表明了在降解过程中加入ZVI能够有效地提高降解率。运用色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定了AOⅡ的降解机理,认为*OH攻击AOⅡ分子上与萘环相连的—N N—键,导致—N N—键的断裂,并经过一系列的氧化过程后形成无机小分子物质。     

Alleviation of the acute stress response following mild orange essential oil administration

We investigated the effect of two different concentrations of orange aroma on peripheral and cardiac autonomic nervous system activity under a stressful condition in a highly reproducible manner. In the within‐subjects experiment, 19 subjects performed a 30‐min calculation task under three aroma conditions: 1% orange, 20% orange, and scentless air (control). Each aroma was delivered to the subject intermittently with the use of a proprietary olfactometer in a counter‐balanced order. Along with a visual analog scale (VAS), nose tip temperature and the cardiac activity on electrocardiograms were recorded throughout the experiment. Regardless of the aroma condition, significant decreases in nose tip temperature and the high‐frequency (HF) component of heart rate variability (HRV) and a significant increase in heart rate (HR) were observed during the task, denoting a typical acute stress response. However, the increase/decrease in HR and HF were significantly smaller with 1% orange than with 20% orange and the control condition, indicating an inhibition of sympathetic nervous system elevation and parasympathetic nervous system suppression. There were no significant differences between the two doses for the VAS scores. The findings suggest that mild orange essential oil inhalation inhibits the cardiac stress response while demonstrating no significant effect on subjective stress. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

离子交换色谱法测定橙子中的维生素C

报导了在氨基柱上,如何控制流动相中盐的浓度、ｐＨ值、甲醇与水的比例,利用离子交换机理,通过ＨＰＬＣ仪测定橙子中的维生素Ｃ含量的方法——离子交换色谱法．     

微润灌溉对脐橙生理生态参数的影响研究

为探明微润灌溉对脐橙生长过程中生理生态参数的影响,对微润灌溉、常规灌溉和雨养灌溉3种灌溉方式下的脐橙叶片最大光合速率(Amax)、叶片呼吸(Rd)、表观初始量子效率(α)、光补偿点(Lcp)、叶片的比叶面积(SLA)等生理生态参数进行了测定和对比分析.研究结果表明,在其他条件相似的情况下,采用微润灌溉的方式对脐橙叶片Amax、Rd、α、SLA的促进作用最为明显,常规灌溉次之,雨养灌溉下值最低.叶片的Lcp在微润灌溉方式下最低,常规灌溉和雨养灌溉下的该值依次递增.     

N掺杂介孔TiO2柠檬酸催化合成及其光催化性能研究

采用柠檬酸酸催化溶胶-凝胶法合成了N掺杂介孔TiO_2,并用XRD、HRTEM、XPS、BET、UV-vis等手段表征了N-TiO_2。测试结果表明,煅烧前的样品是无定形TiO_2,低温煅烧后的产物是锐钛矿TiO_2,而750℃煅烧产物是金红石型。少量N元素的掺杂致使TiO_2的吸收带边位置发生少许红移,移向可见光区域。N_2吸附-脱附和光解甲基橙结果显示,N掺杂介孔TiO_2(3.0 at.%)的BET面积为102 m~2/g,孔尺寸大小约为9.8 nm,具有比P25更强的光催化降解甲基橙的能力。     

纳米四针状氧化锌晶须光催化降解甲基橙

以纳米四针状氧化锌晶须(T-ZnOw)为光催化剂,以甲基橙为染料模型化合物,研究了T-ZnOw的光催化氧化降解性能.考察了甲基橙溶液的初始浓度、催化剂用量和粒径等因素对光催化氧化降解反应的影响.研究结果表明,纳米T-ZnOw光催化氧化降解甲基橙的反应遵循一级反应动力学规律;光催化剂纳米T-ZnOw的最佳用量为2g/L,此时经60min光催化降解后,甲基橙溶液的色度剩余率仅为8%;T-ZnOw粒子直径越小,光催化活性越高,效果越好.对比实验和重复实验结果表明,纳米T-ZnOw的光催化氧化降解效果比纳米TiO2和普通球形纳米ZnO粉体更好,是一种高效、长寿的光催化剂材料.     

减压膜蒸馏法分离偶氮染料废水的研究

采用减压膜蒸馏过程,实验研究了0.22μm的疏水性聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)微孔膜处理偶氮染料废水的可行性.实验研究了进料温度、进料浓度、进料流速、冷侧压力对膜通量及截留率的影响.实验结果表明,在所研究的工艺条件范围内,进料温度、进料流速的提高和进料浓度、冷侧压力的降低有利于膜通量增大;进料温度的提高和进料浓度、进料流速、冷侧压力的降低使截留率增大.降低膜面的水蒸气汽化的表观活化能是提高膜通量的重要措施.     

Copper biosorption from aqueous solutions by sour orange residue

In this study, copper uptake by sour orange residue (SOR) was investigated. Equilibrium isotherms and kinetics were obtained and the effects of solution pH, temperature, and particle size were studied in batch experiments. Equilibrium was well described by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and kinetics was found to be best-fit pseudo-second order equations. Maximum uptake was observed at pH 5. With an increase in temperature from 20 to 50 degrees C, copper removal decreased about 20%. Additional chemical treatment of the biosorbent by NaOH, increased the biosorption capacity. It was found that increase in biosorbent particle size had no significant effects on the final equilibrium concentration, but decreased biosorption rate.