Cu-ATT、Zn-ATT、Fe-ATT材料表征及对浓香型白酒催熟作用研究

本研究制备了铜-凹凸棒石粘土(凹土)(Cu-ATT)、锌-凹土(Zn-ATT)、铁-凹土(Fe-ATT)催熟材料,通过电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、x射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)对其金属元素组成及微观结构形貌进行分析表征,利用氢火焰气相色谱仪、ICP-MS对酒样主要香味成分及金属含量进行分析。结果表明,与对照样相比,Cu-ATT、Zn-ATT酒样中乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯含量增加,乙酸、己酸含量减少,与白酒自然老熟的酸与酯类变化不一致,并且酒样风味不良,金属元素溶出较多。而Fe-ATT酒样中乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯含量减少,乙酸、己酸含量增加,与白酒自然老熟成分变化基本一致,酒样窖香纯正,酒体协调,丰满、味净,Fe元素溶出量较少,催熟作用显著。Fe-ATT白酒催熟效果是否与Fe元素的引入有关有待进一步研究。     

Review of Theory and Problems of Child Development.

Reviews the book, Theory and Problems of Child Development by D. P. Ausubel and E. C. Sullivan (1970). Unlike many standard texts used in undergraduate child psychology in North America this one stresses theoretical issues, and places emphasis on physical maturation in early development, personality growth and cognitive growth. This book provides an interesting compromise between the hard-nosed laboratory approach to the particulars of child behaviour on the one hand, and the soft mental hygiene and 'helping' approach of many other recent texts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Rootstock and salinity effects on rates of berry maturation, ion accumulation and colour development in Shiraz grapes

Shiraz grapevines on either their own roots, or on the rootstocks Ramsey, 1103 Paulsen, 140 Ruggeri or 101–14, were grown at two separate sites within the Murray‐Darling viticultural region with similar irrigation regimes but with an irrigation water salinity of either 0.43 dS/m (low salinity site) or 2.3 dS/m (high salinity site). Rootstock effects on grape berry development, ion concentrations, soluble solids and acidity were followed during one season. Wines were also made and compared using spectral analysis and sensory evaluation. Rootstock effects that were common across both sites were (1) a close relationship between K+and soluble solids accumulation in developing grape berries which commenced at the onset of veraison and was indicative of a link between K+and sucrose transport in the phloem, and (2), higher wine K+, pH and colour hue for all rootstocks with one exception, namely 101–14 at high salinity where 101–14 responded similarly to own roots. Juice K+, pH and loss of K+from juice during winemaking were highest for grapes from the high salinity site. Mean berry weight was smaller and the range in berry size across rootstocks was narrower at the saline site. The narrower range in berry sizes may have contributed to fewer rootstock effects on wine spectral characteristics at high salinity. There was no effect of rootstock on CO₂ assimilation rate or stomatal conductance at either site, although intrinsic leaf‐based water‐use efficiency measured as A/g was 50% higher at the saline site. All treatments exhibited berry shrivel at maturity, but the extent was smaller at high salinity. Slower development of berry colour during veraison was observed on some rootstocks, for example 101–14, and while unrelated to canopy size per se, a higher leaf‐to‐fruit ratio for 101–14 may have been a factor. Slower berry colour development during veraison had no bearing on the colour density of wine made from the harvested grapes.     

Epigallocatechin Gallate Ameliorates the Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure in a Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder-Like Mouse Model

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is the main preventable cause of intellectual disability in the Western world. Although binge drinking is the most studied prenatal alcohol exposure pattern, other types of exposure, such as the Mediterranean, are common in specific geographic areas. In this study, we analyze the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure in binge and Mediterranean human drinking patterns on placenta and brain development in C57BL/6J mice. We also assess the impact of prenatal treatment with the epigallocatechin-3-gallate antioxidant in both groups. Study experimental groups for Mediterranean or binge patterns: (1) control; (2) ethanol; (3) ethanol + epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Brain and placental tissue were collected on gestational Day 19. The molecular pathways studied were fetal and placental growth, placental angiogenesis (VEGF-A, PLGF, VEGF-R), oxidative stress (Nrf2), and neurodevelopmental processes including maturation (NeuN, DCX), differentiation (GFAP) and neural plasticity (BDNF). Prenatal alcohol exposure resulted in fetal growth restriction and produced imbalances of placental angiogenic factors. Moreover, prenatal alcohol exposure increased oxidative stress and caused significant alterations in neuronal maturation and astrocyte differentiation. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate therapy ameliorated fetal growth restriction, attenuated alcohol-induced changes in placental angiogenic factors, and partially rescued neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN), (doublecortin) DCX, and (glial fibrillary acidic protein) GFAP levels. Any alcohol consumption (Mediterranean or binge) during pregnancy may generate a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder phenotype and the consequences may be partially attenuated by a prenatal treatment with epigallocatechin-3-gallate.     

Conversion of Low‐Affinity Peptides to High‐Affinity Peptide Binders by Using a β‐Hairpin Scaffold‐Assisted Approach

Affinity maturation of protein‐targeting peptides is generally accomplished by homo‐ or heterodimerization of known peptides. However, applying a heterodimerization approach is difficult because it is not clear a priori what length or type of linker is required for cooperative binding to a target. Thus, an efficient and simple affinity maturation method for converting low‐affinity peptides into high‐affinity peptides would clearly be advantageous for advancing peptide‐based therapeutics. Here, we describe the development of a novel affinity maturation method based on a robust β‐hairpin scaffold and combinatorial phage‐display technology. With this strategy, we were able to increase the affinity of existing peptides by more than four orders of magnitude. Taken together, our data demonstrate that this scaffold‐assisted approach is highly efficient and effective in generating high‐affinity peptides from their low‐affinity counterparts.     

IAA,ABA AND GERMINATION OF SPRING BARLEY CARYOPSES DURING POST-HARVEST MATURATION

Changes in the content of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) were investigated in the caryopses of three spring barley varieties (Alexis, Akcent and Rubin) shortly before harvest and during post-harvest maturation. Simultaneously, the values of the germination index and germinating energy were followed after harvest. The differences in endogenous contents of the phytohormones were determined in the caryopses of all three barley varieties which showed a decreasing pattern during post-harvest maturation while in contrast the values of the germinating energy and germination indices increased. Significant differences were observed between the varieties .     

Effect of harvest time on seed oil and protein contents and compositions in the oleaginous gourd Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl

BACKGROUND: The stage of fruit ripeness at the time of harvest determines the final quality of ripe fruit. In this study, changes in the chemical composition of seed kernels from the oleaginous gourd Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. during maturation were evaluated to determine the best time to harvest the berries. Two cultivars (round and oval berry) were studied at three maturation stages (30 and 50 days after fruit set (DAFS) and complete plant whiteness (CPW)). RESULTS: Seed kernels were rich in oil (527.2–544.6 g kg⁻¹), protein (402.8–403.3 g kg⁻¹), minerals and energy. Maturation influenced the chemical compounds of the two cultivars differently. Best quantities of these components were reached at 50 DAFS. However, protein bioavailability was better at 30 DAFS and CPW in the round and oval berry cultivars respectively. Lagenaria siceraria oils were of good quality, containing an abundance of essential fatty acids (647.2–667.0 g kg⁻¹). CONCLUSION: Both cultivars of L. siceraria should be harvested at 50 DAFS owing to the good nutritional properties of their seeds and oils. However, to obtain best‐quality proteins, round and oval berry cultivars should be harvested at 30 DAFS and CPW respectively. The results of this study will be useful in reducing the production time of fruits and improving the nutritional quality of their seeds. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

SINGLE TANK OPERATION FOR FERMENTATION AND MATURATION

The development of single tanks for both fermentation and maturation is reviewed. The potential operational advantages and product quality improvement for this are identified. The development of a particular system using a yeast precipitant to achieve a reliable order of clarification for both ale and lager to optimise the process advantages of single tank operation is described. Plant cost analysis and operational evaluation of this system compared with two vessel practice confirm the greater economy and improved product quality of the former.