基于PI荧光图像计数的乳制品荧光性质分析

为分析添加PI染料时乳制品中不同的荧光成分如酪蛋白、黄油、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C等对荧光图像观察的影响,探究了不同乳制品及其成分在PI染色观察条件下的荧光性质,并以酿酒酵母为目标菌,研究了10种乳制品中酿酒酵母PI荧光图像计数结果。结果表明,酪蛋白、黄油、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C等成分及10种乳制品在发射光615 nm均可产生荧光,但不影响PI染色的酿酒酵母荧光计数的观察结果。使用荧光显微镜对添加105~107 CFU/mL酿酒酵母菌液的10种乳制品进行PI染色计数,并将荧光图像计数结果与平板计数结果进行比较。其中经荧光图像计数后得到的菌液浓度对数值分别在5.69~5.93、6.18~6.28、7.13~7.21之间,对应平板计数结果的对数值分别5.49~5.63、6.02~6.06、7.02~7.06之间,二者结果一致。使用 PI 进行荧光图像计数时,乳制品荧光虽然存在但不会对酿酒酵母荧光图像观察与计数造成影响。     

Biological Detoxification of Mycotoxins: Current Status and Future Advances

Mycotoxins are highly toxic metabolites produced by fungi that pose a huge threat to human and animal health. Contamination of food and feed with mycotoxins is a worldwide issue, which leads to huge financial losses, annually. Decades of research have developed various approaches to degrade mycotoxins, among which the biological methods have been proved to have great potential and advantages. This review provides an overview on the important advances in the biological removal of mycotoxins over the last decade. Here, we provided further insight into the chemical structures and the toxicity of the main mycotoxins. The innovative strategies including mycotoxin degradation by novel probiotics are summarized in an in-depth discussion on potentialities and limitations. We prospected the promising future for the development of multifunctional approaches using recombinant enzymes and microbial consortia for the simultaneous removal of multiple mycotoxins.     

The Microbial Mechanisms of a Novel Photosensitive Material (Treated Rape Pollen) in Anti-Biofilm Process under Marine Environment

Marine biofouling is a worldwide problem in coastal areas and affects the maritime industry primarily by attachment of fouling organisms to solid immersed surfaces. Biofilm formation by microbes is the main cause of biofouling. Currently, application of antibacterial materials is an important strategy for preventing bacterial colonization and biofilm formation. A natural three-dimensional carbon skeleton material, TRP (treated rape pollen), attracted our attention owing to its visible-light-driven photocatalytic disinfection property. Based on this, we hypothesized that TRP, which is eco-friendly, would show antifouling performance and could be used for marine antifouling. We then assessed its physiochemical characteristics, oxidant potential, and antifouling ability. The results showed that TRP had excellent photosensitivity and oxidant ability, as well as strong anti-bacterial colonization capability under light-driven conditions. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that TRP could disperse pre-established biofilms on stainless steel surfaces in natural seawater. The biodiversity and taxonomic composition of biofilms were significantly altered by TRP (p < 0.05). Moreover, metagenomics analysis showed that functional classes involved in the antioxidant system, environmental stress, glucose–lipid metabolism, and membrane-associated functions were changed after TRP exposure. Co-occurrence model analysis further revealed that TRP markedly increased the complexity of the biofilm microbial network under light irradiation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that TRP with light irradiation can inhibit bacterial colonization and prevent initial biofilm formation. Thus, TRP is a potential nature-based green material for marine antifouling.     

Gut Mucosal Microbiome Is Perturbed in Rheumatoid Arthritis Mice and Partly Restored after TDAG8 Deficiency or Suppression by Salicylanilide Derivative

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease, is characterized by chronic joint inflammation and pain. We previously found that the deletion of T-cell death-associated gene 8 (TDAG8) significantly reduces disease severity and pain in RA mice. Whether it is by modulating gut microbiota remains unclear. In this study, 64 intestinal samples of feces, cecal content, and cecal mucus from the complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis mouse models were compared. The α- and β-diversity indices of the microbiome were significantly lower in RA mice. Cecal mucus showed a higher ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes in RA than healthy mice, suggesting the ratio could serve as an RA indicator. Four core genera, Eubacterium_Ventriosum, Alloprevotella, Rikenella, and Treponema, were reduced in content in both feces and mucus RA samples, and could serve microbial markers representing RA progression. TDAG8 deficiency decreased the abundance of proinflammation-related Eubacterium_Xylanophilum, Clostridia, Ruminococcus, Paraprevotella, and Rikenellaceae, which reduced local mucosal inflammation to relieve RA disease severity and pain. The pharmacological block of the TDAG8 function by a salicylanilide derivative partly restored the RA microbiome to a healthy composition. These findings provide a further understanding of specific bacteria interactions with host gut mucus in the RA model. The modulation by TDAG8 on particular bacteria can facilitate microbiota-based therapy.     

Evaluation of high humidity and wet marinade methods for pasteurization of jerky

ABSTRACT:  The USDA FSIS meat and poultry jerky compliance guidelines recommend a high humidity or liquid immersion pasteurization step before drying. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of high humidity (>90%) or wet marinade pasteurization on jerky characteristics (water activity, moisture/protein ratio, total aerobic plate count [TAC]) and sensory properties. Jerky pasteurized by nonmarinade method A (76.6 °C dry bulb, 54.4 °C oven wet bulb temperature for 1 h) had highest sensory scores for spice intensity and interior cured color (redness), and generally lower TACs than jerky from marinade pasteurization methods. Jerky pasteurized by method B (54 °C for 121 min in marinade) had higher TACs than other methods. Approximately 2-log reduction in TAC was observed using marinade pasteurization in the smokehouse to internal temperature of 60° for 12 min (method C), or in hot marinade to internal temperature of 70 °C before drying (method D), but jerky was less spicy and somewhat darker than jerky from method A. Extruded jerky (1.5-cm thickness) was similar to intact jerky for spice flavor intensity and interior redness, but required longer drying time to reach the target Aw of 0.85. Marinade pasteurization by methods C or D was feasible, and may be a preferred alternative for some processors, since monitoring of oven humidity during pasteurization is not necessary.     

Transformation kinetics and potential availability of specifically-sorbed phosphate in soils

The improvement of P management in agriculture and environment requires a good understanding of residual effect of applied P in soils. The specific adsorption of P on variable charge minerals has been considered as the major mechanism that leads to a very low utilization of P fertilizer by crops within a growing season in Chinese red soils. Soil incubation and isotope tracing analysis were carried out to examine the transformation kinetics and potential availability of added specifically sorbed ³²P in two pH contrasting light textured soils. The ³²P recovered by 0.5 M NaHCO₃ extraction and microbial biomass-P measurement from the added specifically sorbed ³²P in the soils was well described by a first-order reaction and a Langmuir-type kinetic model, with correlation coefficients (R) being, on average, 0.938 and 0.959, respectively. The half-life (t_1/2, from the first-order model) of the four tested mineral-P complexes ranged from 29 to 47 d in the acid sandy soil and 33 to 105 d in the neutral silty soil. Goethite-P was the most stable among the four tested mineral-P complexes. The potential availability of the mineral complex P (q _m , in percent of total ³²P added) obtained from the Langmuir equation ranged from 43.7 to 90.9% for the four mineral-P complexes, and decreased in the order: Al oxide-P (90.9%) > montmorillonite-P (86.2%) > kaolinite-P (77.5%) > goethite-P (60.2%) in the acid sandy soil, whereas the order was Al oxide-P (89.3%) > kaolinite-P (86.2%) > montmorillonite-P (82.6%) > goethite-P (43.7%) in the neutral silty soil. Based on the release rate and potential availability, kaolinite-P and Al oxide-P could be important sources for residual effect of applied P in variable-charge soils. The goethite-P has the lowest release rate and potential availability among the mineral-P complexes, implying that iron oxides may be the most important variable-charge mineral responsible for P fixation in the Chinese red soils.     

磷脂脂肪酸分析在湖泊沉积物微生物生态学研究中的应用

磷脂脂肪酸分析(PLFA)技术是近年来出现的一种新的微生物生态学研究方法,它是利用微生物细胞内磷脂脂肪酸的成分和含量相对稳定的原理,通过对环境样品中的磷脂脂肪酸进行提取和分析,以获得微生物生物量和群落结构变化的信息,已被应用于土壤、水体和植物根系等环境中微生物生态学的研究.综述了PLFA技术在湖泊沉积物微生物生态学研究中的应用,同时指出了PLFA技术存在的问题及其发展前景.     

煤泥水处理药剂综述

阐述了当前煤泥水处理中絮凝剂、凝聚剂的应用类型及特点,综述了国内外煤泥水处理的主要研究方向和高效煤泥水处理药剂的最新研究进展。重点介绍了微生物絮凝剂在煤泥水处理方面的最新应用情况,指出研究和开发高效、安全、无污染的煤泥水处理用药剂是将来的主流。     

利用小球藻构建微生物燃料电池

利用分离的小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)构建了光合微生物燃料电池,考察了小球藻加入阴阳极和以废水为底物的电池产电性能及机理. 结果表明,构建的微生物燃料电池是可行的,电能输出主要依赖吸附在电极表面的藻,而与悬浮在溶液中的藻基本无关. 光照是该燃料电池电压变化的主要影响因素之一. 在阴极室中添加铁离子,通过其二和三价间的循环转化,提高电子的传递速率,加快质子和氧气的反应,电池的输出功率密度达到11.82 mW/m2,COD去除率达到40%. 这种电池将化学能、光能转化为电能的同时可处理污水并回收小球藻.     

串/并联微生物燃料电池的性能

以5个双室直接微生物燃料电池构建串、并联电池组,考察了电池不同运行阶段及不同底物和电子受体对电池组性能的影响. 结果表明,串、并联微生物燃料电池组可以提高工作电压、电流. 以氧气和铁氰化钾作为电子受体时,串联电池组的输出电压(输出功率密度)分别可达1.186 V (18.83 mW/m2)和1.417 V (51.51 mW/m2),并联电池组输出电流(输出功率密度)可达3 mA (22.66 mW/m2)和6.86 mA (65.22 mW/m2). 串联电池组中电池间的差异是出现电池反极的主要原因,内阻较大的电池易在工作电流较大时出现反极现象. 适宜的混联方式可以降低由内阻差异引起的能量损失,外电阻为30 W时,混联电池组输出功率密度(30.3 mW/m2)是串联电池组(6.58 mW/m2)的4倍.