山药多糖的体外抗氧化活性

为探究山药多糖能否抑制低密度脂蛋白（low density lipoprotein,LDL）氧化,本实验提取了山药（Dioscorea opposita）多糖并除杂,分析了多糖的成分及体外抗氧化活性,对多糖能否抑制LDL氧化进行了初步探讨。结果表明,山药多糖的总糖质量分数为（65.79±1.03）%,蛋白质量分数为（5.89±0.43）%,灰分质量分数为（5.51±0.14）%,糖醛酸质量分数为（10.81±1.14）%;4 个主要多糖组分的分子质量分别为933 742、148 878、39 233、17 318 Da;对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基、超氧化物自由基和羟自由基清除率的半抑制质量浓度分别为1.06、1.06 mg/mL和0.98 mg/mL;可有效减缓共轭二烯的形成,1.0 μg/mL山药多糖对硫代巴比妥酸反应物的抑制率为CuSO4组的16.28%（P＞0.05）;但对LDL糖化的抑制作用不大。本研究可为了解山药多糖对LDL氧化的抑制作用提供参考。     

高通量测序分析混合菌群中的呕吐毒素降解菌

为筛选具有降解脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）能力的微生物,利用高通量测序方法分析混合菌群中的DON降解菌。从土壤中获得具有DON降解能力的混合菌群LG-6,并发现不同梯度稀释倍数的混合菌群之间DON降解效果具有明显差异。稀释至10－7时混合菌群LG-6-7能完全降解DON,而稀释至10－8时混合菌群LG-6-8不能降解DON。对这2?个混合菌群的微生物多样性进行分析,发现混合菌群LG-6-7包括假苍白杆菌属、节细菌属、假单胞菌属、代尔夫特菌属和德沃斯氏菌属,而混合菌群LG-6-8包括假苍白杆菌属和节细菌属。故推测假单胞菌属、德沃斯氏菌属和代尔夫特菌属在降解DON的过程中必不可少。此外,假单胞菌B6-24和德沃斯氏菌A6-243混合培养时,48?h内完全降解DON。该混合菌群培养温度为37?℃、pH?7.0,培养基为MMT培养基,并发现该混合菌群是通过微生物代谢产生的酶对DON进行降解。本研究发现能完全降解DON的假单胞菌B6-24和德沃斯氏菌A6-243混合菌群,为呕吐毒素生物脱毒剂的研发提供一定理论依据。     

A 4-Hexylresorcinol-based Formulation to Prevent Melanosis and Microbial Growth in Chilled Tiger Prawns (Marsupenaeus japonicus) from Aquaculture

ABSTRACT: A study was made of the effect on melanosis, biochemical indexes, and microbial growth in tiger prawns ( Marsupenaeus japonicus ) from aquaculture, using a formulation containing 4-hexylresorcinol (0.1% and 0.05%) in combination with organic acids (citric, ascorbic, and acetic) and chelating agents (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [EDTA] and disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate [PPi]). In vivo and postmortem application of treatment was evaluated. Prawns with no additives or treated with 4% of a commercial formula based on sulfites were used to compare with 4-hexylresorcinol. The formulations based on 4-hexylresorcinol or sulfites inhibited the polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity under 0.2 (Δoptical density [OD]/min/mL), instead of 1 (ΔOD/min/mL) achieved by prawns without additives, with the consequent delay in the appearance of melanosis during the 1st wk of storage. Prawns treated with sulfites showed initially better protection; however 4-hexylresorcinol proved to be more effective at the end of storage. The formulation based on 4-hexylresorcinol at 0.1% concentration, provided in vivo, inhibited the microbial growth (total bacteria count, H₂S-producer microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria, enterobacteria, and pseudomonads), whereas the commercial sulfites inhibited the luminescent bacteria growth.     

Application of microbial genes to recalcitrant biomass utilization and environmental conservation

Recent papers concerning the application of microbial genes to recalcitrant biomass utilization and environmental conservation are reviewed. Microbial genes have been integrated and expressed in plants and microorganisms. When cellulose-degrading enzyme genes are expressed in rice plants, the transgenic plants exhibit swollen cell walls which increases the digestibility of rice straw in the rumen. When genes encoding aromatic compound-degrading enzymes are expressed in plants, it is expected that aromatic compounds contaminating soil would be degraded during the growth of the transgenic plants. The former transgenic plants are utilized as feed and the latter for phytoremediation. Dockerin and cohesin interactions occurring in the cellulase complex, cellulosome, are applied to the construction of artificial enzyme complexes and protein purification by expressing the genes in transformed bacteria and/or silkworms, respectively. In the case of the forced expression of bacterial genes encoding chitinase and/or hydrogenase in the wild-type bacteria, chitin degradation and hydrogen gas production in the transformed bacteria occur at much higher rates than in the wild type.     

Combined Plate Microbial Assay (CPMA): A 6-plate-method for simultaneous first and second level screening of antibacterial residues in meat

This paper proposes an improved high throughput microbial method for the simultaneous performance of first and second level screening for antibacterial residues in meat. It is based on growth inhibition of B. subtilis on agar medium pH 6, 7.2 and 8, of B. cereus on agar medium pH 5.9, of M. luteus on agar medium pH 8 and of E. coli on agar medium pH 7.2 (research or first level screening) and on the use of confirmatory solutions (Pase, Paba, MgSO₄) for the identification or second level screening. In kidney control samples, dialysis membranes were interposed between samples and the agar surface to both prevent the action of lysozyme and reduce false positive results. The proposed method detects β-lactams, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides and quinolones at MRL concentrations and reliably indicates the inhibitor family. Results are obtained in 18-24 h.     

COMPOSITION OF NON-STARCH POLYSACCHARIDES IN WORT AND SPENT GRAIN FROM BREWING TRIALS WITH MALT FROM A GOOD MALTING QUALITY BARLEY AND A FEED BARLEY

Worts and spent grains were obtained from pilot-scale brews using malts of two barley varieties differing in malting quality. Triumph was used as an example of a good malting quality barley and Golf as a typical feed grade barley. Arabinoxylan concentrations were similar in worts of both varieties, whereas (1–3), (1–4)-β-glucan concentrations were much higher in wort prepared from Golf malt than in wort from Triumph malt. From the worts, polysaccharide fractions were isolated by ethanol precipitation and characterised. Results indicated the presence of high molecular weight arabinoxylans and (1–3), (1–4)-β-glucans. The arabinose to xylose ratios in the precipitates were considerably higher than in total worts. Methylation analysis showed little differences between precipitated wort arabinoxylans from both varieties. In comparison to water-insoluble arabinoxylans extracted from barley and malt, the precipitated wort arabinoxylans were richer in xylopyranose residues substituted with arabinose residues at both 0–2 and 0–3. Viscosities of the hopped worts of both varieties decreased after treatment with endoxylanase 1 from Aspergillus awamori. This confirms that arabinoxylans play a role in determining wort viscosity, possibly through interactions with (1–3), (1–4)-β-glucans.     

海藻酸钠复合配料对新型凝胶软糖质构的影响

文中主要探讨海藻酸钠对新型凝胶软糖弹性、硬度、咀嚼性等质构的影响。通过单因素及正交试验确定软糖的最佳配方及工艺为:胶含量24%(500mPa·s海藻酸钠4%,卡拉胶4%,明胶16%),糖15%,麦芽糖浆50%,熬糖温度为108℃,凝胶时间为12h时,凝胶强度可达最大值,凝胶软糖口感较好。     

Probiotic viability and storage stability of yogurts and fermented milks prepared with several mixtures of lactic acid bacteria

Currently, the food industry wants to expand the range of probiotic yogurts but each probiotic bacteria offers different and specific health benefits. Little information exists on the influence of probiotic strains on physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics of yogurts and fermented milks. Six probiotic yogurts or fermented milks and 1 control yogurt were prepared, and we evaluated several physicochemical properties (pH, titratable acidity, texture, color, and syneresis), microbial viability of starter cultures (Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) and probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus reuteri) during fermentation and storage (35 d at 5°C), as well as sensory preference among them. Decreases in pH (0.17 to 0.50 units) and increases in titratable acidity (0.09 to 0.29%) were observed during storage. Only the yogurt with S. thermophilus, L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, and L. reuteri differed in firmness. No differences in adhesiveness were determined among the tested yogurts, fermented milks, and the control. Syneresis was in the range of 45 to 58%. No changes in color during storage were observed and no color differences were detected among the evaluated fermented milk products. Counts of S. thermophilus decreased from 1.8 to 3.5 log during storage. Counts of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus also decreased in probiotic yogurts and varied from 30 to 50% of initial population. Probiotic bacteria also lost viability throughout storage, although the 3 probiotic fermented milks maintained counts ≥10⁷ cfu/mL for 3 wk. Probiotic bacteria had variable viability in yogurts, maintaining counts of L. acidophilus ≥10⁷ cfu/mL for 35 d, of L. casei for 7 d, and of L. reuteri for 14 d. We found no significant sensory preference among the 6 probiotic yogurts and fermented milks or the control. However, the yogurt and fermented milk made with L. casei were better accepted. This study presents relevant information on physicochemical, sensory, and microbial properties of probiotic yogurts and fermented milks, which could guide the dairy industry in developing new probiotic products.     

基于Illumina Hiseq高通量测序分析酱香型白酒大曲曲皮和曲心的细菌群落差异

为探究酱香型白酒大曲曲皮和曲心细菌群落结构的差异,采用Illumina Hiseq高通量测序技术对某酱香型白酒大曲曲皮和曲心两个部位的细菌群落多样性及菌群结构进行研究。结果表明,曲皮样品中细菌群落的多样性高于曲心样品,但其物种丰富度低于曲心样品。曲皮和曲心样品中的细菌菌群归属于7个门、13个纲、19个目、29个科和55个属,共有优势细菌门为厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）,曲皮样品的特有优势细菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）;共有优势细菌属为枝芽孢杆菌属（Virgibacillus）、芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、芽孢链菌属（Desmospora）、乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、糖多孢菌属（Saccharopolyspora）,除Desmospora外,其他优势细菌属在曲皮和曲心中的含量差异较大。曲皮样品的特有优势细菌属为链霉菌属（Streptomyces）、鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingo- monas）、片球菌属（Pediococcus）;曲心样品的特有优势细菌属为火山渣芽孢杆菌属（Scopulibacillus）、葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）。