藏灵菇源酵母菌和乳酸菌降胆固醇蛋乳发酵饮料的研制

利用藏灵菇中筛选的马克斯克鲁维酵母菌(Kluyveromyces marxianus) M3、干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei) KL1、嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermoptilus) Tx、乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种(Lactococcus lactis sub sp.lactis) KS4混合发酵,以鸡蛋和牛奶为原料,研制降胆固醇蛋乳发酵饮料.利用KL1、Tx、KS4这3株乳酸菌进行一次发酵,再利用酵母菌进行二次发酵.采用3因素3水平正交试验优化发酵条件为发酵温度34℃,接种量1％,发酵时间24h.在优化条件下,蛋乳发酵饮料的降低胆固醇率为74.99％,显示藏灵菇源酵母菌M3菌株具有良好的降胆固醇作用.     

Effect of prehydrolysis of milk fat on its conversion to biogas

Milk fat is considered to be the main limiting component of the kinetics of dairy wastewater anaerobic digestion. The objective of this work was to give a better understanding of the nonelucidated anaerobic degradation steps of milk fat. For that purpose, the kinetics of fat degradation was quantified in comparison with other milk components (lactose, proteins), regarding the milk fat polluting load and structure [globular (native state), triglycerides]. This work confirms that milk fat is degraded after a lag phase of several days, with a maximal degradation rate 2 to 5 times less than the degradation rate of the other milk components. It was shown that (1) the structure of the fat does not influence the limits of its anaerobic degradation; (2) the lag phase before biogas production is mainly due to unsaturated free fatty acids (FFA); and (3) conversion to biogas occurs at a lower rate for saturated than for unsaturated FFA. Therefore, the prehydrolysis of fat, which increases the instantaneous concentration of unsaturated FFA, sharply increases the length of the lag phase with no significant change in the maximal biogas production rate. To reduce the delay imposed in the biogas production, it is necessary to reduce the concentration of unsaturated FFA.     

Short communication: Carora cattle show high variability in alpha(s1)-casein

The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic variability of milk proteins of the Carora, a shorthorned Bos taurus cattle breed in Venezuela and in other Southern American countries that is primarily used for milk production. A total of 184 individual milk samples were collected from Carora cattle in 5 herds in Venezuela. The milk protein genes α_s1-casein (CN) (CSN1S1), β-CN (CSN2), κ-CN (CSN3), and β-lactoglobulin (LGB) were typed at the protein level by isoelectrofocusing. It was necessary to further analyze CSN1S1 at the DNA level by a PCR-based method to distinguish CSN1S1*G from B. Increased variation was found in particular at the CSN1S1 gene, where 4 variants were identified. The predominant variant was CSN1S1*B (frequency = 0.8). The second most common CSN1S1 variant was CSN1S1*G (0.101), followed by CSN1S1*C (0.082). Moreover, a new isoelectrofocusing pattern was identified, which may result from a novel CSN1S1 variant, named CSN1S1*I, migrating at an intermediate position between CSN1S1*B and CSN1S1*C. Six cows carried the variant at the heterozygous condition. For the other loci, predominance of CSN2*A² (0.764), CSN3*B (0.609), and LGB*B (0.592) was observed. Haplotype frequencies (AF) at the CSN1S1-CSN2-CSN3 complex were also estimated by taking association into account. Only 7 haplotypes showed AF values >0.05, accounting for a cumulative frequency of 0.944. The predominant haplotype was B-A²-B (frequency = 0.418), followed by B-A²-A (0.213). The occurrence of the G variant is at a rather high frequency, which is of interest for selection within the Carora breed because of the negative association of this variant with the synthesis of the specific protein. From a cheese-making point of view, this variant is associated with improved milk-clotting parameters but is negatively associated with cheese ripening. Thus, milk protein typing should be routinely carried out in the breed, with particular emphasis on using a DNA test to detect the CSN1S*G variant. The CSN1S*G allele is likely to have descended from the Brown Swiss, which contributed to the Carora breed and also carries this allele.     

牛奶蛋白纤维复合纺纱与绿色染整工艺研究

阐述了牛奶蛋白纤维的主要结构特征和性能特点,介绍了牛奶蛋白纤维多组分复合纺纱和染整工艺的技术路线和特点,并对关键生产技术作了综合评述;纺纱生产中应选用和毛油作预处理,染整宜采用低温低碱工艺。     

GC-MS分析天然奶味香精的致香成分

利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对两种天然奶味香精中的致香成分进行了分析鉴定,结合计算机质谱图库,确定两种香精中的主要致香成分为内酯类、中短链脂肪酸、酯类、噻唑类等化合物.两种香精的香气不同,各化合物之间的组成及含量不同,但含量最高的都为δ-癸内酯.利用确定的GC-MS条件对无水奶油的酶解物进行了分析,鉴定了贡献较大的脂肪酸组成及微量物质.     

添加乳蛋白水解物的配方奶粉的免疫功能评价

根据我国免疫调节功能食品的评价方法,对添加乳蛋白水解物的免疫增强乳制品的免疫调节作用进行评价。在实验中,采用Balb/c 小鼠建立免疫低下模型,以不同剂量的配方奶粉对小鼠进行灌胃实验,分别进行免疫脏器质量、细胞免疫功能、体液免疫功能、单核- 巨嗜细胞功能等指标检测。结果表明：在所选定的剂量范围内,添加乳源蛋白水解物的老年奶粉和婴幼儿(三段)奶粉结果均为阳性,因此可判定配方奶粉具有免疫增强作用。     

酸度计法快速检测牛奶中残留的β-内酰胺酶

为了快速、准确地检测牛奶制品中残留的β- 内酰胺酶的含量,利用β- 内酰胺酶分解青霉素产酸使牛奶pH 值下降的原理,对人工添加了β- 内酰胺酶的牛奶制品与青霉素反应后pH 值的下降规律进行研究。得到牛奶中残留的β- 内酰胺酶与青霉素反应的较适宜条件,从而获得快速检测牛奶制品中残留的β- 内酰胺酶的方法。结果确定牛奶制品中残留的β- 内酰胺酶与青霉素反应的适宜条件为温度33℃、底物质量浓度10mg/mL,检测时间仅为60min。此方法对液态纯牛奶中β- 内酰胺酶的最低检出限为8.92U/mL。     

藏灵菇源酸奶复合菌发酵剂对大鼠脂质过氧化的影响

目的:探讨藏灵菇源酸奶复合菌发酵剂对实验性高胆固醇血症大鼠的抗氧化相关酶及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的影响。方法:采用预防性大鼠脂质代谢紊乱模型,将试验大鼠分成基础对照组、高脂模型组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组。其中高脂模型组和试验组饲喂高脂饲料,试验Ⅰ组灌胃脱脂酸奶复合菌发酵剂,试验Ⅱ组灌胃全脂酸奶复合菌发酵剂。结果:试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组与高脂模型组相比,可极显著(p0.01)地降低高胆固醇血症大鼠血清和肝组织中的MDA含量。试验Ⅰ组大鼠的SOD、GSH-PX和T-AOC活性极显著(p0.01)升高。试验组肝组织切片脂滴堆积量比模型组减少,病理检查结果表明有明显的保肝作用。试验Ⅰ组的抗氧化活性、抑制肝硬化及脂肪肝效果优于试验Ⅱ组。结论:藏灵菇源酸奶复合菌发酵剂具有较强的抗氧化和预防动脉粥样硬化作用。     

Maintenance of breast milk immunoglobulin A after high-pressure processing

Human milk is considered the optimal nutritional source for infants. Banked human milk is processed using low-temperature, long-time pasteurization, which assures microbial safety but involves heat denaturation of some desirable milk components such as IgA. High-pressure processing technology, the subject of the current research, has shown minimal destruction of food macromolecules. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of pressure treatments on IgA content. Moreover, bacterial load was evaluated after pressure treatments. The effects of high-pressure processing on milk IgA content were compared with those of low-temperature, long-time pasteurization. Mature human milk samples were heat treated at 62.5°C for 30 min or pressure processed at 400, 500, or 600 MPa for 5 min at 12°C. An indirect ELISA was used to measure IgA in human milk whey obtained after centrifugation at 800 × g for 10 min at 4°C. All 3 high-pressure treatments were as effective as low-temperature, long-time pasteurization in reducing the bacterial population of the human milk samples studied. After human milk pressure processing at 400 MPa, 100% of IgA content was preserved in milk whey, whereas only 72% was retained in pasteurized milk whey. The higher pressure conditions of 500 and 600 MPa produced IgA retention of 87.9 and 69.3%, respectively. These results indicate that high-pressure processing at 400 MPa for 5 min at 12°C maintains the immunological protective capacity associated with IgA antibodies. This preliminary study suggests that high-pressure processing may be a promising alternative to pasteurization in human milk banking.     

Identification of ubiquitin in bovine milk and its growth inhibitory effects on human cancer cell lines

Bovine milk is associated with improved health and reduced risk of several diseases, among them cancer. Milk is a complex mixture of known and unknown components. The components and the mechanisms that contribute to the cancer-preventive effects are largely unknown. We set out to find new peptides in milk and identified ubiquitin (Ub) using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and Western blot. Using quantitative Western blot, we estimated the Ub concentration to be about 0.003 μmol/L in milk. We then decided to investigate the effect of treating human colon cancer CaCo-2 cells with Ub, using higher concentrations than in milk. CaCo-2 cells treated with 0.02 to 2.0 μmol/L Ub showed significantly decreased proliferation compared with untreated control cells. A higher growth inhibitory effect than in CaCo-2 cells was found in the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y treated with 0.02 to 0.2 μmol/L Ub. A bromodeoxyuridine DNA flow cytometric method was used to study cell cycle kinetics in Ub-treated CaCo-2 cells. The data point toward a prolongation of the G₁ phase. The levels of several cell cycle regulatory proteins were affected. Our data point to Ub possibly being one of the components in milk reducing the risk of cancer.