离子液体中均相合成N-乙酰化壳聚糖及其性能研究

合成了对壳聚糖溶解效果好、可重复使用的离子液体氯化2-氨基乙酸[Gly]Cl,用1H NMR和FT-IR对其结构进行了确定。在制得的离子液体水溶液中,制备了水溶性N-乙酰化壳聚糖。用XRD和FT-IR对产物进行了结构表征。通过单因素实验得到了较佳反应条件:n(乙酸酐)∶n(壳聚糖)=2.75∶1,反应温度60℃,反应时间5 h。并对产物的吸湿保湿性能进行初步研究,结果表明,产物具有良好的吸湿保温性能。还考察了离子液体的重复使用性能,重复使用3次后,N-乙酰化壳聚糖的取代度仍大于89%。     

新型就仓干燥技术处理高水分玉米种子的实仓应用效果分析

应用低温缓速均匀通风基本原理设计的设备系统,对堆高2 m的58 t散装高水分玉米种子(籽粒,入仓平均水分20.2%)进行就仓干燥处理.经过累计301.5 h的间断式处理,按预定降水目标12.5%,结果以40多个固定和临时取样点的跟踪检测,实际降低到平均12.4%(最高12.9%,最低11.7%);对水分检测结果的离散性分析表明,在无霉变、无损伤、无抛洒、不影响种子活性的前提下,能够达到精确控制调节粮食水分的要求.     

水网密集区粘土路基当量回弹模量的预估分析

基于非饱和土基本理论,利用基质吸力及土水特征曲线的最新研究成果,对受地下水位控制的粘土路基的平衡湿度状态进行了预估分析;同时采用室内重复动三轴试验方法,建立了非饱和粘性路基土动回弹模量的双线性本构经验预估模型。将上述研究成果相结合,创建了综合考虑路基湿度和应力状态的路基当量回弹模量的预估方法,并结合实体工程建立了以地下水位、路基填筑高度为核心的路基当量回弹模量预估方程。通过与试验路上传统测试方法测试结果的对比分析,表明该评价方法具有准确、可靠特点。研究成果从平衡湿度和应力状态耦合控制的角度,对水网密集区粘土路基当量回弹模量的确定提供了新的视角和途径。     

电渗脉冲用于混凝土结构抗渗防潮技术

混凝土结构的抗渗及防潮一直是土木工程领域需要克服的重要技术难题之一。文章研究了电渗脉冲用于混凝土结构抗渗防潮的影响因素,包括电渗脉冲电压、混凝土水灰比、液相中离子浓度,以及脉冲频率等;模拟测试了电渗脉冲作用下混凝土结构的排水与相对湿度变化。研究表明,随着脉冲电压升高与混凝土水灰比增大,电渗脉冲下混凝土渗水量增加;Na2SO4溶液浓度增大时,电渗脉冲作用下混凝土渗水量增加;脉冲频率对混凝土渗水量影响不大;研究亦显示电渗脉冲作用下混凝土排水效果明显,混凝土相对湿度显著降低。     

季冻区高速公路路基冻害调查及试验观测

在对吉林省几条高速公路进行的野外冻害调查、现场观测和室内冻胀、水分迁移模拟试验的基础上,依据取得的野外资料和室内试验数据,对季冻区高速公路路基冻害的原因和影响因素进行分析和探讨;对冻害与水分关系、路基冻害水分来源、水分迁移特征以及由于路面底基层二灰土性能恶化失效导致的道路翻浆等问题进行了深入研究.同时利用本项目综合研究的特点,将竖管法毛细水沿高度分布的研究资料与由冻胀试验揭示的各种冻胀率——含水量变化规律有机结合起来进行分析,从而得到了毛细水冻害有效高度,试验结果表明:规范值相对试验值在一些情况下偏低,有的低很多,对路基防冻抗冻设计不利.研究成果对公路路堤最小高度设计和挖方段防冻处理深度设计等防冻措施的采用有实际意义.     

Moisture sorption of a three‐dimensional braided carbon fiber–epoxy composite under different media

A three‐dimensional braided carbon fiber–epoxy (C_3D/EP) composite was prepared by the vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) technique. Its moisture absorption behavior under different media was characterized and compared with a unidirectional composite. Similar to the unidirectional composite, diffusion in the 3D composite obeys Fick's second law of diffusion when immersed in distilled water and phosphate‐buffered saline. In HCl and NaOH solutions, no Fickian behavior was observed. The similarity between the unidirectional and 3D composites suggests that fiber structure does not change diffusion pattern. However, the two composites showed different diffusion parameters (k, D, and M_e) in each medium studied. The 3D composite showed lower k, D, and M_e values because of its stronger hindrance effect to transport of moisture molecules. Diffusion in PBS is slower than that in distilled water because of the presence of heavy ions, but the diffusion pattern remains unchanged. In HCl, the diffusion behavior of the two composites cannot be described by Fick's law. In addition, the k value calculated from the initial linear part of the moisture sorption curve is much lower than that in distilled water. Diffusion in NaOH is unusual; the uptake initially increases rather rapidly but quickly drops, which is likely caused by the extensive solubility of the polymer matrix. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 507–512, 2005     

Yield response of lentil to directly applied and residual phosphorus in a Mediterranean environment

The response of lentil grown under rainfed conditions to directly applied and residual phosphorus (P) was described by a modified Mitscherlich equation, accounting for the effects of rainfall on (1) potential yield, and (2) the availability of soil-P to the crop. The response of lentil yield to directly applied and residual P was studied in two-course cereal–lentil rotational trials under rainfed conditions in a Mediterranean-type environment. Cereal crops were grown at different P application rates during 4 growing seasons at 3 sites, representing different rainfall zones in northwest Syria. Lentil (Lens culinaris Med.) was grown during 4 seasons at the same sites, each lentil crop following a cereal crop. In 3 out of 4 lentil-growing seasons, additional P was applied to lentil in subplots to compare the residual and direct effects of P application. The initial contents of extractable soil-P (P-Olsen) were low at all sites, in the range of 2–5 ppm P. Under the conditions of the experiments, lentil appeared to benefit slightly more from P applied to the preceding wheat crop (residual P) than from directly applied P. It is shown that the modified Mitscherlich equation could be used as a basis for P fertilizer recommendations for rainfed farming. As for lentil, it was concluded that a single application of P to the wheat crop in a wheat/lentil rotation could reduce the cost of lentil production, without reducing lentil yield.     

土壤水分传感器实验室标定和测试方法探讨

通过在实验室制作标准试样(土壤)标定及测试土壤水分传感器,研究土壤水分传感器在实验室标定及测试的步骤和方法,探讨土壤水分传感器实验室环境下率定关系式的建立,提高土壤水分传感器在实验室环境下数据测试的准确性和权威性,在于探讨土壤水分传感器实验室标定和测试方法,为土壤水分传感器的实验室检测提供方法支撑。     

A Thermo-Mechanical Study of Some Epoxy Adhesives Subjected to Combined Dynamic and Static Stresses

The object of the present study was to investigate the effect of superimposed dynamic and static stresses on mechanical and thermal properties of some epoxy adhesives. It was found that combinations of shear creep and torsional oscillations, applied simultaneously to adhesive joints at temperatures within the glassy range of the adhesive, led to strengthening of the joints in shear and to an increase in the glass transition temperature of the adhesive. Similar loading stresses applied at temperatures close to the T_g of the adhesive, led to opposite effects on the above mentioned properties of the joints. The width of the glassy-rubbery transition of the adhesives increased, in the whole range of temperatures used in this study and for all epoxy compositions, as a result of subjecting the joints to superimposed dynamic and static stresses. The broadening of the glass transition was interpreted as a result of the stiffening of polymer network during the combined stressing experiments. A linear relationship was found between the area of endothermal peaks in the first DSC scan of specimens subjected prior to test to superimposed dynamic and static stresses at temperatures below T_g, and the shear strength of the joints. In agreement with this observation and with literature data, a linear relationship was revealed also between the glass transition temperature of the resins (measured in the first DSC scan) and the shear strength of the joints. Based on experimental observations and on some literature information, it was suggested that the strengthening of the joint, as well as the changes in thermal properties of the adhesives, are mainly due to physical processes, such as short-range orientation of network chains and an increase in intermolecular interaction between highly polar sites of the network. The possibility that superimposed stressing led to changes in chemical crosslinking was discussed but it seems that no such reactions occurred.     

基于Sentinel-1和MODIS数据反演农田地表土壤水分—以REMEDHUS地区为例

土壤水分是陆地生态系统和水循环的重要状态变量,在植被生长监测、农作物产量评估等研究中均发挥着重要作用。为了消除植被散射的影响,进而实现农田地表土壤水分的高精度反演,以时间序列Sentinel-1影像及MODIS产品为实验数据,基于高级积分方程模型和比值植被模型的耦合模型,通过采用不同光学植被参数和VH交叉极化后向散射系数,分别对农田植被散射贡献进行表征,消除植被散射的影响,进而实现土壤水分的高精度反演。结果表明：当利用VH极化进行参数化植被散射贡献时,标定的耦合模型,虽然可消除对光学植被参数的依赖并较好地模拟Sentinel-1卫星观测,但土壤水分反演结果效果欠理想,相关系数R最大仅为0.54;与VH极化相比,利用光学植被参数表征植被散射贡献时,土壤水分整体反演效果较理想,R最大达到0.79,但光学植被参数反演结果在不同站点存在显著的空间差异性,R介于0.07~0.79之间。因此,在未来研究中可尝试将雷达数据与光学数据协同反演,以期在消除植被散射影响的基础上,实现植被覆盖区域土壤水分的高精度反演及动态变化监测。