楼兰古城中的断简残帛

著名的楼兰遗址，本世纪初由瑞典探险家斯文赫定发现。遗址中出土了许多丝织品，其年代大多为东汉至魏晋时期，包括锦、绮、罗、绢、绉、绣、织成等品种。另外在楼兰发现的文书上也记载着不少与丝绸有关的资料。文章叙述了探寻楼兰遗址的经过、遗址中出土的丝织品及有关文书的概况。     

提高春种秋养家蚕茧丝洁净的探讨

家蚕春种秋养在江苏省推广以来，茧质、虫质、丝质都有不同程度的提高，但其厂丝洁净成绩有较大不稳定性且有下降的趋势，提出了在品种选育、饲育环境，收烘过程，工艺生产各环节提高洁净成绩的一些措施。     

丝胶-丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺高吸水性树脂的制备

实验以过硫酸钾-亚硫酸钠氧化还原体系为引发剂、N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,制备丝胶-丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚型吸水树脂。产物经红外光谱表征。研究了不同反应条件下得到的聚合物吸蒸馏水和生理盐水的能力,探讨了影响产品吸水性能的因素。结果表明:当引发剂用量与单体总质量比为1.25%,交联剂用量与单体总质量比为0.01%,中和度为75%,丙烯酰胺与丙烯酸质量比为0.7:1,聚合温度55℃,聚合时间6 h时,所得产物吸液能力较佳,随丝胶用量的增加,产物吸液能力缓慢上升。当丝胶用量为4%时,产物吸蒸馏水能力为1 847倍,吸盐水能力为112倍。     

生丝细度测量光学成像系统设计

为实现巢丝现场对生丝细度测量的需求,设计一种具有非接触性、动态检测、高精度、准确率高、并且能与其他自动控制设备相连的专用光电测量仪。针对生丝细度测量现有技术的不足和造成误差的成因,利用线阵CCD,结合计算机技术构建了一种基于线阵CCD光电传感器的非接触式实时动态检测生丝细度的设计方案。方案分析了现有检测方法存在的问题,对光学成像系统的光源和成像部分完成了理论设计,使扩束准直系统的折射角理论上达到0.00111°。设计方案中CCD获得暗背景接收信号,有效避免传统亮背景成像引起的像元饱和现象及生丝抖动引起的失真。新结构解决了光源照度的不稳定性和生丝透明度造成的影响,使之成为一种较为实用的方法。     

Toward Biodegradable Mg–Air Bioelectric Batteries Composed of Silk Fibroin–Polypyrrole Film

Biodegradable active implantable devices can be used to diagnose and/or treat disease and eventually disappear without surgical removal. If an “external” energy source is required for effective operation then a biocompatible and biodegradable battery would be ideal. In this study, a partially biodegradable Mg‐air bioelectric battery (biobattery) is demonstrated using a silk fibroin‐polypyrrole (SF‐PPy) film cathode coupled with bioresorbable Mg alloy anode in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) electrolyte. PPy is chemically coated onto one side of the silk substrate. SF‐PPy film shows a conductivity of ≈1.1 S cm^?1 and a mild catalytic activity toward oxygen reduction. It degrades in a concentrated buffered protease XIV solution, with a weight loss of 82% after 15 d. The assembled Mg‐air biobattery exhibits a discharge capacity up to 3.79 mA h cm^?2 at a current of 10 μA cm^?2 at room temperature, offering a specific energy density of ≈4.70 mW h cm^?2. This novel partially biodegradable battery provides another step along the route to biodegradable batteries.     

A Chemoimmunotherapy Nanogel Enables Efficient Delivery of Interleukin-2 and Induction of Immunogenic Cell Death for Effective Cancer Therapy

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is one of the first FDA-approved immunotherapeutics, but its use is limited by toxicity and low efficacy. In addition, all immunotherapies are limited by the immunosuppressive and desmoplastic microenvironment of “immunologically cold” tumors, such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with advanced liver fibrosis. Here, a new chemoimmunotherapy nanogel (IL2-Pt@Nanogel) for dual delivery of IL-2 and the type II immunogenic cell death inducer Pt-NHC that reduces the immunosuppressive phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages and diminishes regulatory T cell infiltration by inducing the production of type I interferon (IFN) by cancer cells is reported. Combining the angiotensin II receptor blocker losartan with IL2-Pt@Nanogel treatment reduces desmoplasia and reprogrammes the microenvironment of PDAC and HCC toward an immunostimulatory one. These effects result in potent anti-tumor efficacy in models of primary and metastatic PDAC and HCC with underlying liver fibrosis. This study presents a strategy for IL-2-based chemoimmunotherapy with the potential for clinical translation to treat solid tumors.     

Self-Healable Spider Dragline Silk Materials

Developing materials with structural flexibility that permits self-repair in response to external disturbances remains challenging. Spider silk, which combines an exceptional blend of strength and pliability in nature, serves as an ideal dynamic model for adaptive performance design. In this work, a novel self-healing material is generated using spider silk. Dragline silk from spider Nephila pilipes is demonstrated with extraordinary in situ self-repair property through a constructed thin film format, surpassing that of two other silks from spider Cyrtophora moluccensis and silkworm Bombyx mori. Subsequently, R2, a key spidroin associated with self-healing, is biosynthesized, with validated cohesiveness. R2 is further programmed with tunable healability (permanent and reversible) and conductivity (graphene doping; R2G) for electronics applications. In the first demonstration, film strips from R2 and R2G are woven manually into multidimensional (1D-3D) conductive fabrics for creating repairable logic gate circuits. In the second example, a reversibly-healable R2/R2G strip is fabricated as a re-configurable wearable ring probe to fit fingertips of varying widths while retaining its detecting capabilities. Such a prototype displays a unique conformable wearable technology. Last, the remarkable finding of self-healing in spider silk can offer a new material paradigm for developing future adaptive biomaterials with tailored performance and environmental sustainability.     

激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察细胞在丝素纤维织物上的生长情况

利用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜（laser scanning confocal microscope,LSCM）技术,用活细胞荧光示踪剂标记细胞,观察细胞在天然丝索纤维和再生丝索纤维上的生长情况。用含10μmol／L Cell—Tracker CM-Dil（Molecular Probes Company）的尤血清RPMI1640培养液,室温标记V79．333和原代心肌细胞30min,接种于Glass Bottom Dish中,将两种受试材料分别放入Glass Bottom Dish中,继续培养。在加入受试材料后1．2．3．4、5,7天,利用LSCM技术,采用双通道同时扫描的方式,一个通道的激发波长为5341ma,发射波长为540—650nm,另一个通道使用微分干涉差成像技术,动态观察细胞在再生丝素纤维受试材料的生长情况。实验发现V79细胞和3T3细胞在天然丝素纤维上是接种后5天明显增多,在再生丝素纤维上生长数量是接种后4天明显增多,而且比在天然丝素纤维生长的数量多。原代心肌细胞在天然和再生丝素纤维上生长得非常少。     

打开丝绸历史的宝库(之八) 敦煌探宝录

敦煌是古代佛教圣地,丝绸之路上的重镇。本世纪初莫高窟藏经洞的发现,使敦煌文物震撼国内外学术界,敦煌学遂成为专门的学科。敦煌文物中有大量古代丝绸实物,敦煌文书中亦有与丝绸有关的很多记载,有待人们系统地整理研究。文章介绍了敦煌的再发现,及其中的丝绣精品,对敦煌的实地考察以及目前对敦煌古代丝绸的初步研究情况。     

Carbonized Silk Nanofiber Membrane for Transparent and Sensitive Electronic Skin

Recent years have witnessed the explosive development of electronic skin. Highly sensitive pressure sensing is one of the primary abilities of electronic skin. To date, most of the reported skin‐like pressure sensors are based on nanomaterials and microstructured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films, limiting their wide practical applications due to the unknown biotoxicity and the redundant fabrication procedure. A cost‐effective, large‐area‐capable, and biocompatible approach for fabrication of high‐performance skin‐like pressure sensors is highly desired. Silk fibroin (SF) is a natural protein that has recently drawn great attention due to its application as the substrate for flexible electronics. Here, the fabrication of skin‐like pressure sensors is demonstrated using SF‐derived active materials. Flexible and conformal pressure sensors can be fabricated using transparent carbonized silk nanofiber membranes (CSilkNM) and unstructured PDMS films through a cost‐effective and large‐scale capable approach. Due to the unique N‐doped carbon nanofiber network structure of CSilkNM, the obtained pressure sensor shows superior performance, including ultrahigh sensitivity (34.47 kPa^?1) for a broad pressure range, an ultralow detection limit (0.8 Pa), rapid response time (<16.7 ms), and high durability (>10 000 cycles). Based on its superior performance, its applications in monitoring human physiological signals, sensing subtle touch, and detecting spatial distribution of pressure are demonstrated.