西米淀粉糊流变特性研究

利用Brookfield旋转粘度计研究西米淀粉糊流变性、抗剪切能力、触变性以及温度、浓度和剪切速率对表观粘度的影响,为西米淀粉在食品行业的应用提供理论上的依据。结果表明:西米淀粉糊属于非牛顿流体。温度、浓度、剪切速率对流变性质均有影响,在同一浓度和剪切速率下,表观粘度随温度的增加而减小;在同一温度和剪切速率下,表观粘度随浓度的增加而增加;在同一温度和浓度条件下,淀粉糊的表观粘度随剪切速率的增加而减小。西米淀粉糊属于剪切稀化体系,抗剪切能力优于马铃薯淀粉糊和木薯淀粉糊;淀粉糊粘度随剪切速率增大的上行线与随剪切速率减小的下行线之间存在滞后圈,说明西米淀粉糊具有触变性。     

逆研磨对木薯淀粉理化性质的影响

采用贝利粉碎机对木薯淀粉进行机械活化,研究了逆研磨对木薯淀粉理化性质的影响。结果表明,逆研磨后,颗粒粒径变化很小,团聚颗粒更多,结晶结构无变化,溶解度增大,膨胀度、表观粘度减小,透明度变化不大,剪切稀化程度降低,Brabender黏度曲线由B型变为D型。     

方便面感官品质特性与面条质构、色泽指标的关系研究

以国内市场上5种方便面为研究对象,用质构仪和色度仪分别测定面条的质构指标和色泽指标,分析了方便面质构指标、色泽指标与感官指标之间的相关关系,建立了质构、色泽指标与感官指标的逐步回归模型。结果表明,质构仪的7个测量指标坚实度、断裂变形程度、断裂能量、硬度、粘附性、内聚性、回复性以及色度仪的3个测量指标亮度参数L*、红绿参数A*、黄蓝参数B*与感官评价所有8个单项指标以及总分都存在着极显著的相关关系。逐步回归分析发现,可以仅使用回复性和红绿参数A*这两个仪器测量值来代替感官评价总分。回归方程的决定系数R2为0.873,表明了该回归方程有着重要的参考价值。     

氧化程度对羧酸型两性淀粉性能的影响

氧化型两性淀粉是一种新型的两性淀粉,同时包含羧基和阳离子基团。其制备采用两步法,先将淀粉阳离子化,再将阳离子淀粉氧化。阳离子淀粉最佳制备工艺为:淀粉乳浓度35%,醚化剂的用量为5%,pH11.6,反应先在50℃活化2h,再降温到45℃反应8h。通过添加不同量的NaClO到阳离子淀粉中制得羧基含量不同的两性淀粉,所得淀粉洁白,糊透明度高,稳定性强,凝沉性弱,热糊粘度也较阳离子淀粉明显下降,且这些性能均随羧基含量的增加而增强。     

增塑剂对高直链淀粉基生物降解薄膜力学性能的影响

以高直链玉米淀粉为原料,利用微波辐射加热工艺将淀粉糊化,通过溶液浇铸法制备淀粉基薄膜。探讨了不同增塑剂以及复合增塑剂对高直链淀粉基薄膜性能的影响。结果表明,甘油、山梨醇和木糖等增塑剂对淀粉的塑化作用是比较显著的。与单一的增塑剂相比,复合增塑剂所制备的材料的力学性能更加优良,尤其是甘油与木糖复合增塑所制备的淀粉基薄膜性能更好。     

酸醇水解制备玉米淀粉微晶及其性质研究

以玉米淀粉为原料,在酸醇介质中制备淀粉微晶。实验测定了淀粉微晶的水解率,并进行了淀粉颗粒形貌、偏光十字、溶解度及X射线衍射测定。结果表明:在盐酸量1.72%、温度70℃、乙醇浓度65%、淀粉浓度25%和反应6h时制得较理想的淀粉微晶。随着酸醇水解程度的增加,淀粉颗粒形貌逐渐呈片晶状,最终为碎片;颗粒无定形区先水解,内部比较紧密的无定形区域和缺陷结晶结构接着被水解,进而导致颗粒破裂;颗粒部分偏光十字消失,与扫描电镜分析结果一致;晶体形态仍为A型;同一水解率的淀粉,其溶解度均随温度升高而逐渐增加。     

对甘薯淀粉具有絮凝活性的乳酸菌的分离鉴定及其特性研究

从自然发酵甘薯酸浆中分离筛选到一株对甘薯淀粉颗粒具有高絮凝活性的乳酸菌L1,经鉴定该菌为副干酪乳杆菌副干酪亚种(Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei)。该菌株产絮凝剂的适宜pH值为6.5～8.5,适宜培养温度为25～35℃。葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖及乳糖均可作为该菌株的良好碳源,其适宜氮源为酵母粉或牛肉膏。通过对絮凝活性分布的研究,确定菌株所产的絮凝剂主要存在于菌体上。     

The effects of method of castration,rearing condition and diet on sensory quality of pork assessed by a trained panel

Beside surgical castration possible alternatives helping to reduce the incidence of boar taint in cooked pork are rearing conditions, immunocastration and feeding strategies for entire males known to lower the skatole levels. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of these alternatives on the sensory acceptability of pork. In experiment 1, carcasses from barrows, entire males (EM) and entire males fed raw potato starch (EM+) 7 d before slaughter were selected based on the androstenone (≤ 2 µg/g) and skatole (≤ 0.32 µg/g) levels. In experiment 2, carcasses from barrows, immunocastrates (IC), entire males either group-penned (EMG) or individually penned (EMP) were selected based on the aforementioned criteria. Boar odour and boar flavour intensities of longissimus dorsi (LD) and neck chops were evaluated by trained panellists. Boar odour and flavour scores were higher (P < 0.01) in neck than LD chops. Although skatole tissue levels in barrows and EM+ were similar (P > 0.05), boar odour and flavour scores were greater (P < 0.05) in EM+ than barrows. In experiment 2, scores for boar odour and flavour were lower (P < 0.05) in pork from barrows and IC than EMP, with intermediate values for EMG. In conclusion, we observed a discrepancy between the known boar taint compounds androstenone and skatole and sensory acceptability, which indicates that other factors influenced the perception of boar taint. Thus, surgical castration with or without anesthesia or immunocastration are still the safest methods to avoid boar taint.     

Fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with factorial discriminant analysis technique to identify sheep milk from different feeding systems

Rapid measurements of milk properties and discrimination of milk origin are necessary techniques for quality control of milk products. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of using front face fluorescence spectroscopy (FFFS) and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) for monitoring the quality of forty-five ewe’s milk samples originating from different feeding systems. Physico-chemical analyses and fluorescence spectra were conducted on samples during lactation periods (the first 11 weeks). The principal component analysis (PCA) separately applied to the physico-chemical and fluorescence spectral data showed only small discrimination between milk samples based on lactation periods and diet compositions. Similar results were obtained by separately applying factorial discriminant analysis (FDA) on each technique. In a second step, concatenation technique were applied to FFF spectra acquired after excitation set at 250, 290, 380 nm and emission set at 410 nm. Results obtained showed a good discrimination among milk samples with regard to feeding systems given to the ewes throughout the lactation periods. In addition, a better discrimination was observed with FFFS than with SFS.     

Anti-oxidative characterisation of NaN3-induced common bean mutants

The contents of total phenolics, total anthocyanins, total proanthocyanidins and antioxidant activities were measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, lipid peroxidation inhibition ability and ABTS⁻ radical-scavenging activity assays. These were compared in the seed coats of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar Hwachia and its eighteen NaN₃-induced mutants. NaN₃-induced mutants generally accumulated more total phenolics (19% more), total anthocyanins (65% more) and total proanthocyanidins (4% more) than Hwachia (containing 29.94 mg g⁻¹ total phenolics, 0.31 mg g⁻¹ total anthocyanins and 12.94 mg g⁻¹ total proanthocyanidins, respectively). Anthocyanidins including delphinine, cyanidin and pelargonidin were detectable in seed coat, each with different levels depending on the tested accessions. Significant correlations (average of 0.847 across all comparisons, p < 0.01) were found between the tested antioxidant activities, total phenolics, total anthocyanins and total proanthocyanidins. Mutants SA-11-2, SA-13-2 and SA-34-2 that are enriched with antioxidants may be useful in food and other applications.