锂离子在三维骨架复合锂金属负极中的沉积规律

锂金属具有极高的理论比容量和极低的氧化还原电极电势,成为了新一代高比能二次电池最理想的负极材料。然而,锂金属负极其走向大规模应用仍存在诸多问题与挑战。三维骨架复合负极可以控制金属锂均匀形核,低电流密度下均匀沉积,有望推动锂金属负极的实用化。为了更高效地指导锂金属负极设计和优化,采用相场理论,对三维骨架锂金属负极中比表面积对金属锂沉积过程的作用机制进行了定量分析和探究,发现了比表面积调控金属锂沉积的两阶段作用机理,并提出了基于比表面积参数的三维骨架负极设计与优化方向,从而最大程度发挥三维骨架在调控稳定金属锂负极上的积极作用。     

磁性纳米材料处理含铀废水的研究进展

磁性纳米材料具有较强的化学稳定性、可再生回收、良好的吸附性能和易于分离等优点,在去除水溶液中的铀酰离子方面有广泛的应用前景。然而,磁性纳米材料也存在易团聚、易氧化等不足,通过表面修饰或改性等方法可改善其不足,提高其对废水中铀酰离子的去除能力,改善其吸附效果。本文通过总结近年来的相关研究资料,概括了磁性纳米材料的种类,归纳总结并比较了不同种类磁性纳米材料对含铀废水的去除能力及优势与不足,探讨了磁性纳米材料在含铀废水处理中的应用并对其机理进行了分析,阐述了磁性纳米材料去除溶液中铀酰离子的影响因素,简述了目前磁性纳米材料在处理含铀废水中有待解决的问题,并对其在分离放射性元素方面的应用前景进行了展望。     

多孔纳米碳纤维作为质子交换膜燃料电池微孔层的性能

质子交换膜燃料电池膜电极中的微孔层结构对改善体系的水管理能力,提升膜电极的整体性能发挥重要作用。本文通过静电纺丝和后续热处理的方法制备了多孔纳米碳纤维（PCNF）,并以此构建膜电极的微孔层。与炭黑颗粒作为微孔层呈现出紧密堆积结构不同,由PCNF搭建的微孔层结构疏松呈现三维贯通状。膜电极的发电测试表明,以多孔纳米碳纤维作为微孔层（MPL-PCNF）的膜电极其最大功率密度达70.0mW/cm²,远高于炭黑颗粒为微孔层（MPL-CB）的膜电极（58.1mW/cm²）,而没有微孔层（Ref）结构的膜电极最大功率密度仅为27.7mW/cm²,显示出PCNF作为微孔层材料的明显优势。     

花状与颗粒状NiMn2O4纳米材料的制备及其超级电容性能

分别以尿素和氨水为沉淀剂,采用热溶剂法制备了多孔的花状NiMn₂O₄和颗粒状NiMn₂O₄纳米电极材料,采用 X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、透射电镜和N₂ 吸附-脱附等手段对NiMn₂O₄材料的物相、形貌结构和孔径分布进行了表征,并通过循环伏安、恒电流充放电、交流阻抗等方法测试了所制备材料的电化学性能。研究了沉淀剂对NiMn₂O₄材料形貌、微观结构及电化学性能的影响。结果表明：以尿素为沉淀剂的NiMn₂O₄是由纳米片组成的花状结构,纳米片厚度为50～60nm,比表面积为104m²/g。在 1A/g 电流密度下比电容为1614F/g,在5A/g电流密度下,尿素为沉淀剂的花状NiMn₂O₄材料经1000次恒电流充放电后其比电容可达初始值的89%。以氨水为沉淀剂的多孔NiMn₂O₄为直径约30nm的纳米颗粒结构,颗粒间团聚严重,比表面积为91m²/g。在1A/g电流密度下比电容为1147F/g,在5A/g电流密度下,氨水为沉淀剂的颗粒状NiMn₂O₄材料经1000次恒电流充放电后其比电容可达初始值的80%。尿素为沉淀剂的花状NiMn₂O₄具有优越的超级电容性能。     

煤基多级孔炭纳米材料的优化制备及性能表征

以低变质粉煤为原料,采用热解活化技术制备煤基多级孔炭纳米材料(CCNM),利用统计学预测分析软件(JMP)设计优化制备实验的正交阵列,主要因素包括煤直接液化残渣(DCLR)的添加量(A)、热解过程升温速率(B)、热解终温(C)和原料粒度(D),每个因素选取三个水平。采用响应面分析法对CCNM的碘吸附值和抗压强度进行评估,确定最佳优化条件为A1B3C1D2,影响因素按显著性由大到小的顺序为CABD,碘吸附值的预测公式为m I=258.26-33.22 x 1-34.88x 2+28.12x 21+1.92x 1x 2+34.12x 22,预测碘吸附值最高为390.51 mg/g,三组平行验证实验测定的碘吸附值平均为394.69 mg/g,实验值与预测值吻合良好。对优化条件下制备的CCNM进行性能表征,材料呈多孔结构;通过图像处理,统计得到孔隙率在40%以上;碘吸附值为398.22 mg/g,抗压强度为4.12 MPa,比表面积为146.181 m 2/g,总孔容为0.0534 cm 3/g,中孔率为71.10%,孔径主要分布在1.5 nm^100 nm,平均孔径为5.254 nm,表明CCNM是一种包含微孔、中孔和大孔的多级孔炭纳米材料。     

AAO模板的制备及其应用

以多孔阳极氧化铝膜为模板制备纳米结构材料具有独特的优越性,得到了广泛的关注。本文介绍了在草酸溶液中制备的AAO模板的工艺过程,并用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对阳极氧化铝膜的形貌和结构进行了表征,最后介绍了AAO组装体系的应用。     

All Solution‐Based Fabrication of Copper Oxide Thin Film/Cobalt‐Doped Zinc Oxide Nanowire Heterojunctions

Versatile and intriguing solution‐based processes are utilized to synthesize nanostructured materials for device applications to reduce material production and device fabrication costs. This study presents results on the fabrication and characterization of copper oxide (CuO) coated cobalt‐doped zinc oxide nanowires (Co‐doped ZnO NWs)‐based heterojunction diodes prepared by a two‐step synthesis route through combined hydrothermal growth and sol–gel spin coating. Highly dense, well‐ordered, undoped, and Co‐doped ZnO NWs were successfully grown by hydrothermal method. Complementary CuO thin films were synthesized by sol–gel method and subsequently coated onto both undoped and Co‐doped ZnO NWs through spin‐coating technique. Enhanced diode properties with a rectification ratio of 10³ at ±2 V and an ideality factor of n = 2.4 (in dark) were obtained for Co‐doped ZnO NWs‐based heterojunction diodes. The obtained results demonstrated that the investigated heterojunction diode structure fabricated by facile and cost‐effective solution‐based processes can be a promising candidate for the next generation optoelectronic devices.     

Preparation of Nanometer-Sized α-Alumina Powders by Calcining an Emulsion of Boehmite and Oleic Acid

This study proposes a method to form ultrafine α-Al₂O₃ powders. Oleic acid is mixed with Al(OH)₃ gel. The gel is the precursor of the Al₂O₃. After it is mixed and aged, the mixture is calcined in a depleted oxygen atmosphere between 25° and 1100°C. Oleic acid evaporates and decomposes into carbon during the thermal process. Residual carbon prevents the growth of agglomerates during the formation of α-Al₂O₃. The phase transformation in this process is as follows: emulsion →γ-Al₂O₃→δ-Al₂O₃→θ-Al₂O₃→α-Al₂O₃. This process has no clear θ phase. Aging the mixed sample lowers the formation temperature of α-Al₂O₃ from 1100° to 1000°C. The average crystallite diameter is 60 nm, measured using Scherrer's equation, which is consistent with TEM observations.     

Low-Temperature Processing and Mechanical Properties of Zirconia and Zirconia–Alumina Nanoceramics

The 1.5- to 3-mol%-Y₂O₃-stabilized tetragonal ZrO₂ (Y-TZP) and Al₂O₃/Y-TZP nanocomposite ceramics with 1 to 5 wt% of alumina were produced by a colloidal technique and low-temperature sintering. The influence of the ceramic processing conditions, resulting density, microstructure, and the alumina content on the hardness and toughness were determined. The densification of the zirconia (Y-TZP) ceramic at low temperatures was possible only when a highly uniform packing of the nanoaggregates was achieved in the green compacts. The bulk nanostructured 3-mol%-yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramic with an average grain size of 112 nm was shown to reach a hardness of 12.2 GPa and a fracture toughness of 9.3 MPa·m^1/2. The addition of alumina allowed the sintering process to be intensified. A nanograined bulk alumina/zirconia composite ceramic with an average grain size of 94 nm was obtained, and the hardness increased to 16.2 GPa. Nanograined tetragonal zirconia ceramics with a reduced yttria-stabilizer content were shown to reach fracture toughnesses between 12.6–14.8 MPa·m^1/2 (2Y-TZP) and 11.9–13.9 MPa·m^1/2 (1.5Y-TZP).     

NbO x 掺杂对Pt/TiO2催化燃烧氯乙烯的促进作用

通过制备Pt/Nb _x /TiO₂研究了NbO _x 在催化燃烧氯乙烯中的作用;采用XRD、XPS、H₂-TPR、NH₃-TPD与Py-FT-IR表征了NbO _x 对于催化剂组织结构、氧化还原以及酸碱性的影响。负载NbO _x 可促进Pt/TiO₂反应性能的提高,当Nb/Ti摩尔比为0.09时,即Pt/Nb_0.09/TiO₂可在246℃实现90%氯乙烯的转化;与Pt/TiO₂相比,达到相同转化率的温度向低温偏移69℃。NbO _x 也影响了催化燃烧过程中的含氯副产物的总浓度和分布。催化剂表征结果发现NbO _x 的引入可进一步增加Pt与载体（TiO₂）之间的相互作用,提高催化剂的表面活性氧物种的浓度,进而促进了催化剂氧化还原性能的提高。催化剂表面的总酸量随着NbO _x 含量的增加而降低,尤其是表面Lewis酸量。因此,催化剂表面的酸量和酸分布不是决定反应性能的唯一因素,而低温的氧化还原性更有利于催化剂性能的提高。