锂-二氧化碳电池阴极催化剂的研究进展

锂-二氧化碳电池通过捕获、转化二氧化碳为储能物质,既可以减少二氧化碳排放量又可以作为创新的储能装置,引起了研究者们的广泛关注。本文简单介绍了锂-二氧化碳电池的工作机理、发展历程和目前研究存在的难题,通过对研究工作的总结、电池性能的对比,将不同类型的催化剂进行了系统的分类和简单的概括,综述了催化剂的设计理念和研究现状,提出了催化剂目前存在的难题与挑战,并展望了催化剂未来的发展方向。本文主要针对锂-二氧化碳电池阴极催化剂的最新研究进展进行了详细的阐述,指出高效的阴极催化剂是促进锂-二氧化碳电池电化学反应动力学、降低充电平台和过电势的关键所在。     

纳米Cu-Zn复合氧化物自组装合成及可见光催化性能

采用阴阳离子表面活性剂复合囊泡相为软模板,自组装合成了Cu-Zn复合氧化物纳米材料,分析了自组装过程。研究了铜的掺杂量对纳米材料的形貌、晶型、能级变化以及电子结构的影响,评价了不同铜掺杂量的ZnO-CuO样品光催化性能。结果表明,随着铜掺杂量的增加,样品ZnO-CuO中ZnO的X射线衍射(XRD)特征峰强度逐渐降低;形貌由多面体晶粒转向片层结构;铜的引入使ZnO的发光能级发生变化,并随着铜离子的量增加,光生载流子浓度变小。可见光催化结果显示,样品ZnO-CuO光催化性能随掺杂铜离子量的增加先增加后减弱。在金属离子Cu2+和Zn2+物质的量之比为5:95时光催化效果为最佳。     

Na0.44MnO2纳米棒/石墨烯正极的制备和电化学储锂性能

以KMnO₄、MnSO₄和NaOH为初始原料,利用水热软化学法制备Na_0.44MnO₂。XRD证实该材料具有S形孔道结构,TEM表征表明这是一种单晶纳米棒,可能有利于制备高性能正极材料。同时利用Hummers法制备石墨烯作为导电剂,通过搅拌法混合电极材料制备正极涂片。电化学测试研究显示随着的石墨烯添加量的增大,电池容量和倍率性能均得到提高。当石墨烯含量达到45%时,在0.1 A·g^-1电流密度下电池容量达到192.5 mAh·g^-1,在2.0 A·g^-1倍率电流密度下,其容量依然保持在123.4 mAh·g^-1,说明该电极材料有潜力应用于下一代高性能电池当中。     

纳米多孔NiO类空心微球负极材料的制备与储锂性能

以NiCl₂·6H₂O、尿素、葡萄糖为原料采用水热法制备了NiO前体,将前体在空气中烧结最终得到NiO电极活性材料。该NiO样品具有镂空结构的类空心球形貌,且由50~100 nm初级纳米颗粒构成。对该NiO样品作为锂离子电池负极材料的储锂性能进行了研究,结果发现赝电容效应对该材料储锂容量和倍率性能有重要贡献。因独特的空心纳米结构和赝电容效应,该材料表现出出色的电化学循环稳定性和优异的大倍率充放电性能。在500 mA·g^-1电流密度下,100圈充放电循环后放电比容量为650 mA·h·g^-1,容量保持率达86.6%;在10 A·g^-1的超高倍率下,其稳定放电比容量仍高达432 mA·h·g^-1。     

Research on Effect of Adding Nanomaterial to Propellant on Gun Barrel

The barrel lifes of three small caliber rifles were tested by using the propellant with nanomaterial and the standard propellant respectively. The test results show that the service life increases observably due to adding nanomaterial to the propellant. Then, the influence of the nanomaterial on the tube was researched by splitting the two barrels tested and detecting their inner surfaces. It was found that the erosion of the barrel bore is reduced observably by using the propellant with nanomaterial. And it makes the volume and the size of the gun chamber change less. Therefore, the barrel life can be prolonged by adding the nanomaterial in the propellant.     

Simultaneous Activation of Short‐Wave Infrared (SWIR) Light and Paramagnetism by a Functionalized Shell for High Penetration and Spatial Resolution Theranostics

Nanoparticle emitting short‐wave infrared (SWIR) light has received increased attention in the molecular imaging field due to its deeper tissue penetration, fast imaging, high sensitivity, and resolution. The simultaneously activated SWIR excited directly by an 808 nm laser and T₁‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal are found in one single‐shell nanoparticle NaErF₄@NaGdF₄ (Er@Gd), which is used as a dual‐modality imaging contrast agent in vivo to accurately determine the position of tumors. The conjugated cypate is then aggregated on the surface of Er@Gd@SiO₂‐Cy/bovine serum albumin. With the guidance of dual modality imaging, photothermal therapy is effectively used to ablate tumors in a mouse model. The design of single‐shell nanomaterial activation of SWIR imaging and MRI signals is expected to provide a new strategy for high penetration and spatial resolution cancer theranostics.