Structural Requirements of Jasmonates and Mimics for Nicotine Induction inNicotiana sylvestris

Jasmonic acid (JA) is strongly implicated in the long-distance signal transduction cascade increasing nicotine synthesis in the roots of plants after leaf wounding. In order to explore the structural requirements of the inducing signal, we examined jasmonates, mimics, and a biosynthetic precursor for nicotine-inducing activity (NIA). We examine the importance of the keto group on the five-membered ring and the double bond in then-pentenyl chain by comparing the NIA of methyl jasmonate (MJ) with that of cucurbic acid, 1,3-dithiolane-MJ, 1,3-dioxolane-MJ, methyl dihydrojasmonate (DHMJ), 1,3-dioxolane-DHMJ, 1-oxo-indan-4-carboxylic acid ILE-methyl ester, and 1-hydroxyl-indan-4-carboxylic acid ILE-methyl ester. We found that: 1,3-dioxolane MJ, cucurbic acid, and 1,3-dioxolane DHMJ were less active than MJ and that the isoleucine (ILE) conjugates of 1-oxo- and l-hydroxyindanon-4-carboxylic acid had the same NIA as MJ. The activities of these indanon amino acid conjugates may be due to the structural similarity of their keto or hydroxyl groups on the five-membered ring to MJ or to the keto-enolized MJ. These results support the hypothesis that the enolization of the keto group during or prior to its interaction with the putative JA receptor is required for activity. We explore the importance of the esterification of the carboxyl functional group by comparing the NIAs of cucurbic acid and cucurbic acid methyl ester, l-oxo-indan-4-carboxylic acid, 1-oxo-indan-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester, and l-oxo-indan-4-carboxylic acid ILE-methyl ester. In all cases, the esters were more active than the free acids. We compared the NIA of MJ of different epimeric composition (8% and 20% 3R,7S-MJ); 12-oxophytodienoic acid (12-oxo-PDA) methyl ester, an important precursor of JA; and coronatine (a well-known phytotoxin and putative structural mimic of 12-oxo-PDA).We found that: (1) the epimeric composition of MJ did not affect its NIA; (2) 12-oxo-PDA methyl ester had lower NIA than MJ; and (3) coronatine significantly inhibited plant growth but did not increase nicotine biosynthesis. In summary, JA, rather than its biosynthetic precursor, 12-oxo-PDA, is likely the endogenous signal inNicotiana sylvestris, and the keto functional group on the five-membered ring and the double bond in then-pentenyl side chain are crucial components of JA for NIA.     

烟碱提取新方法研究

调节低、次烟叶的含水率,使w(H2O)=12%～13%。在密闭容器中,控制温度540～550℃,使低、次烟叶碳化脱羧。产生的气体和液体用w(H2SO4)=70%的硫酸吸收,可得到w(C10H14N2)=4%左右的硫酸烟碱稀溶液。负压下,将该溶液浓缩至w(C10H14N2)≥20%、用80～100℃的饱和Na2CO3水溶液碱化至无气泡冒出为止,再加入稍过量的Na2SO4·10H2O,使水相形成饱和溶液,密闭、静置24h,即可把烟碱从水相中盐析出来。分出烟碱,在氮气保护下,负压进行两次蒸馏,收集140～148℃/4 0×103Pa馏分,可得w(C10H14N2)=98%以上的烟碱产品,产率在83%以上。提取过程中基本没有三废排放。     

Cue-Provoked Craving and Nicotine Replacement Therapy in Smoking Cessation.

Cue exposure paradigms have been used to examine reactivity to smoking cues. However, it is not known whether cue-provoked craving is associated with smoking cessation outcomes or whether cue reactivity can be attenuated by nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in clinical samples. Cue-provoked craving ratings and reaction time responses were measured on the 1st day of abstinence among 158 smokers who had been randomized to high-dose nicotine (35 mg) or placebo patch. The nicotine patch reduced overall levels of craving but did not attenuate cue-provoked craving increases or reaction time responses. Cue-provoked craving predicted relapse among participants on the nicotine patch but not among those on placebo. In summary, NRT users could benefit from treatment that attenuates cue-provoked craving. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Characteristics of Air Force personnel who choose pharmacological aids for smoking cessation following an involuntary tobacco ban and tobacco control program.

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare characteristics of smokers who did and did not report use of cessation aids as part of a tobacco control program in a military setting (n = 8994). Design: The study is a longitudinal epidemiological study where the relationship between smoking status at follow-up and use of pharmacologic aids to quit smoking were assessed. Main Outcome Measures: Smoking cessation, post baseline use of cessation aids to quit smoking. Results and Conclusions: Individuals remaining abstinent were 70% less likely to have used NRT/pharmacological aids compared to those that relapsed. NRT/pharmacological aid users were more likely to report plans to smoke after military training, to have friends who smoke, and to accept a cigarette from a friend. NRT/pharmacological aid users were more likely to believe that using NRT was safer than smoking and to have engaged in harm reduction strategies. Our findings suggest that selection bias related to such characteristics may explain some of the discrepancies between effect sizes reported in efficacy compared to effectiveness studies of NRT and smoking outcomes currently reported in the literature. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 involvement in the enhancement of contextual fear conditioning by nicotine.

Contextual fear conditioning is enhanced by nicotine, but the cellular mechanisms underlying this effect are unknown. Extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) has been shown to play an integral role in the formation of contextual fear memories. As such, it is possible that ERK 1/2 is involved in the enhancement of contextual fear conditioning by nicotine. To determine whether ERK 1/2 plays a role in this enhancement, a dose of SL327 (a selective, systemic ERK 1/2 inhibitor) that is subthreshold for inhibiting contextual fear conditioning was coadministered with nicotine prior to training, testing, or both training and testing of contextual fear conditioning in C57BL/6 mice. When administered prior to training, this subthreshold dose of SL327 attenuated the enhancement of contextual fear conditioning by nicotine to levels similar to those of vehicle-treated animals. When administered prior to testing, the subthreshold dose of SL327 did not significantly alter conditioning. These results suggest that activation of ERK 1/2 by nicotine during acquisition leads to an enhancement of contextual fear conditioning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Gender differences and developmental change in externalizing disorders from late adolescence to early adulthood: A longitudinal twin study.

Using data from over 1,000 male and female twins participating in the Minnesota Twin Family Study, the authors examined developmental change, gender differences, and genetic and environmental contributions to the symptom levels of four externalizing disorders (adult antisocial behavior, alcohol dependence, nicotine dependence, and drug dependence) from ages 17 to 24. Both men and women increased in symptoms for each externalizing disorder, with men increasing at a greater rate than women, such that a modest gender gap at age 17 widened to a large one at age 24. Additionally, a mean-level gender difference on a latent Externalizing factor could account for the mean-level gender differences for the individual disorders. Biometric analyses revealed increasing genetic variation and heritability for men but a trend toward decreasing genetic variation and increasing environmental effects for women. Results illustrate the importance of gender and developmental context for symptom expression and the utility of structural models to integrate general trends and disorder-specific characteristics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

卷烟主流烟气成分释放量的人工神经网络预测研究

应用标准方法测试了55种烤烟样品(中国43种、巴西6种和津巴布韦6种)常规化学成分：总糖、还原糖、总植物碱、总挥发碱、总氮、钾、氯和卷烟主流烟气化学成分：烟碱、焦油、一氧化碳。完成了烟草淀粉、石油醚提取物以及卷烟主流烟气苯并[a]芘的分析。通过误差反向传播网络(BP-ANN)对卷烟主流烟气成分释放量进行了预测研究。结果显示,除烟气烟碱、苯并[a]芘的相对偏差绝对值的平均值略超过10%外,焦油、一氧化碳和抽吸口数的相对偏差平均值均小于10%,说明应用BP网络可通过烟草化学成分预测卷烟主流烟气成分烟碱、焦油和一氧化碳的释放量。     

Xenobiotics Delivered by Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: Potential Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms on the Pathogenesis of Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized as sustained damage to the renal parenchyma, leading to impaired renal functions and gradually progressing to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Diabetes mellitus (DM) and arterial hypertension (AH) are underlying diseases of CKD. Genetic background, lifestyle, and xenobiotic exposures can favor CKD onset and trigger its underlying diseases. Cigarette smoking (CS) is a known modified risk factor for CKD. Compounds from tobacco combustion act through multi-mediated mechanisms that impair renal function. Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) consumption, such as e-cigarettes and heated tobacco devices, is growing worldwide. ENDS release mainly nicotine, humectants, and flavorings, which generate several byproducts when heated, including volatile organic compounds and ultrafine particles. The toxicity assessment of these products is emerging in human and experimental studies, but data are yet incipient to achieve truthful conclusions about their safety. To build up the knowledge about the effect of currently employed ENDS on the pathogenesis of CKD, cellular and molecular mechanisms of ENDS xenobiotic on DM, AH, and kidney functions were reviewed. Unraveling the toxic mechanisms of action and endpoints of ENDS exposures will contribute to the risk assessment and implementation of proper health and regulatory interventions.     

取代剧毒农药的新一代烟碱类杀虫剂

叙述了新一代烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉(Imidacloprid)的开发经过、应用及国内现状,并对其后续品种作简单介绍。     

植物生长调节剂对烤烟内源激素、烟碱、多酚含量的影响

植物生长调节剂对烤烟内源激素以及烟碱、多酚含量的影响结果表明,植物生长调节剂GA、IAA、2,4-D不同程度地提高了内源GA、IAA含量,降低了内源ABA含量,其中外源GA、高浓度2,4-D处理效果较为明显;植物生长调节剂ABA较强地提高了内源ABA的含量,而降低了内源GA、IAA的含量,喷施高浓度ABA效果明显,在打顶后30d,内源ABA提高140%,而内源GA、内源IAA分别降低了61.9%、85.0%,内源GA在打顶后20d含量达到高峰,内源IAA、ABA在打顶后30d达到高峰。